把握这4个时间,救治ST段抬高型心肌梗死

2017-07-24 周大亮 医学界心血管频道

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)是心内科常见的急危重症,STEMI急诊急救方法,应是每个心内科医生必须熟练掌握的技巧。

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)是心内科常见的急危重症,STEMI急诊急救方法,应是每个心内科医生必须熟练掌握的技巧。

但是最近在查房过程中,很多低年资医师对接诊STEMI患者后首先做什么,在多长时间内应该完成什么,为什么要这么做?并不不知所然。为此,今日总结STEMI急诊急救程序,与奋斗在医学道路上的低年资医生共同学习。

对于急性心肌梗死的救治来说最重要的是要体现一个“急”字,我的原则是先保命(尽快开通梗死相关动脉、维持生命体征)后治病(寻找病因以及改善预后治疗),因为冠状动脉闭塞20 分钟后自心内膜向心外膜呈进行性损害直至坏死,闭塞40 分钟后坏死面积约为总面积的30%,3 小时约为50%,6 小时约为70%,24 小时约为80%,如于冠状动脉闭塞3 小时内恢复有效再灌注可使50% 以上的心肌免于坏死,由此可见时间就是心肌、是生命。

1. 首次接触(FMC)STEMI患者10分钟内

FMC后应尽早、尽快确立STEMI 诊断,应于10分钟内完成12 导联(必要时18 导联)心电图记录和分析,送检心肌坏死标志物,同时除颤器应进入备用状态。

10分钟内还应完成建立通畅的静脉通路,早期肝素化治疗(需强调的是,在STEMI 早期救治中,应首选普通肝素,通常不以低分子肝素代替),5000 U(60 -80 U/kg),继以12 U/(kg?h)静脉滴注,另外应立即阿司匹林(300 mg)、波立维(300-600 mg)口服。通过上述的治疗,williamhill asia 阻断凝血瀑布的级联反应,从而有效的控制血栓发生、发展。

重点强调:早期肝素化目前被很多医生忽视,有效的肝素化可以为后续的开通梗死相关动脉提供有力的保证。

2. 接诊STEMI患者后30分钟内

有条件PCI的应积极PCI,如果没有条件的应立即溶栓治疗(注意溶栓适应症及禁忌症,这里不再详述),需要注意的是溶栓及溶栓后应监测APTT 或ACT (一般APTT 为50 - 70 秒),并且普通肝素通常需维持48 小时左右后可改为低分子肝素。

对于溶栓药物的选择应首选特异性纤溶酶原激活剂,仅在无上述特异性纤溶酶原激活剂时应用非特异性纤溶酶原激活剂。因为特异性纤溶酶原激活剂可选择性激活血栓中与纤维蛋白结合的纤溶酶原,其溶栓治疗的血管再通率高,对全身性纤溶活性影响较小,且出血风险低,因此溶栓效果优于非特异性纤溶酶原激活剂。特异性纤溶酶原激活剂如阿替普酶、瑞替普酶、替奈普酶等,非特异性纤溶酶原激活剂如尿激酶、链激酶等。

重点强调:研究显示早期的溶栓(3小时内)并不劣于急诊PCI,因此如不能于120 分

钟内完成PCI,就应在30 分钟内进行溶栓治疗,而溶栓药物应首选特异性纤溶酶原激活剂。

3. 接诊STEMI患者后24小时内

① STEMI 早期常伴高交感张力状态容易出现恶性快速心律失常,如无禁忌证(严重缓慢性心律失常、急性左心衰竭、低血压、低血容量及支气管哮喘)时应早期给予β 受体阻滞剂。

② 应维持血钾在正常高限水平,STEMI 早期常伴高交感张力状态(高儿茶酚胺血症),引起血钾转移、分布、代谢异常,导致急性低钾血症或者相对低钾血症,在急性期应监测钾离子,将钾补充在4.5 mmol/L以上较为稳妥,防止心律失常的发生。

4. 接诊STEMI患者后24小时后

发病24 小时后,如无禁忌证,所有STEMI患者均应给予ACEI 长期治疗。如患者不能耐受ACEI,但存在心力衰竭表现,或左心室射血分数 ≤ 40%,可考虑给予ARB

原始出处:

[1]国家卫生计生委合理用药专家委员会,中国药师协会.急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死溶栓治疗的合理用药威廉亚洲博彩公司 .《中国医学前沿杂志(电子版)》2016 年第8 卷第8 期

[2]Denktas AE, Anderson HV, McCarthy J, et al. Total ischemictime: the correct focus of attention for optimal ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction care. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2011, 4(6):599-604.

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    2017-07-27 大爰

    好文章学习并分享!!

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=226791, encodeId=8d9e226e917d, content=好文章学习并分享!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200816/e4675a86ea694f12b82202b320dc2654/12f6b900498349e994ce8f516a584d6a.jpg, createdBy=09431951290, createdName=大爰, createdTime=Thu Jul 27 08:18:48 CST 2017, time=2017-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1423034, encodeId=95a6142303408, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=936c16863b5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段抬高#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16863, encryptionId=936c16863b5, topicName=ST段抬高)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=91d33758978, createdName=gdsun, createdTime=Wed Jul 26 10:13:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624358, encodeId=50801624358e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f27b16862d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16862, encryptionId=f27b16862d9, topicName=ST段)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=676820671866, createdName=hyf035, createdTime=Wed Jul 26 10:13:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=226101, encodeId=a09c226101ab, content=谢谢,很好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Tue Jul 25 08:43:19 CST 2017, time=2017-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=225930, encodeId=f60d2259304e, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=00501987275, createdName=130****4638, createdTime=Mon Jul 24 21:25:02 CST 2017, time=2017-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-26 gdsun
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=226791, encodeId=8d9e226e917d, content=好文章学习并分享!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200816/e4675a86ea694f12b82202b320dc2654/12f6b900498349e994ce8f516a584d6a.jpg, createdBy=09431951290, createdName=大爰, createdTime=Thu Jul 27 08:18:48 CST 2017, time=2017-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1423034, encodeId=95a6142303408, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=936c16863b5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段抬高#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16863, encryptionId=936c16863b5, topicName=ST段抬高)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=91d33758978, createdName=gdsun, createdTime=Wed Jul 26 10:13:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624358, encodeId=50801624358e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f27b16862d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ST段#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=16862, encryptionId=f27b16862d9, topicName=ST段)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=676820671866, createdName=hyf035, createdTime=Wed Jul 26 10:13:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=226101, encodeId=a09c226101ab, content=谢谢,很好的文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Tue Jul 25 08:43:19 CST 2017, time=2017-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=225930, encodeId=f60d2259304e, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=00501987275, createdName=130****4638, createdTime=Mon Jul 24 21:25:02 CST 2017, time=2017-07-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-26 hyf035
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    2017-07-25 flysky120

    谢谢,很好的文章

    0

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    2017-07-24 130****4638

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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