Metabolism:肠促胰素抑制胰岛B细胞的凋亡

2015-01-19 angletears 译 MedSci原创

糖尿病的发病率持续增加,伴随而来的心血管疾病、肾病的病死率也急剧上升。 近些年来,以肠促胰素为基础的新型抗糖尿病药物,越来越被临床所认可。肠促胰素是由肠道内分泌细胞分泌,以葡萄糖依赖的方式促进胰岛素分泌的激素。主要的肠促胰素,有两种GLP-1和GIP,GLP-1是由远端回结肠的L细胞分泌的,GIP是由十二指肠和上段空肠分泌的。在2005年,以GLP-1为基础的药物,GLP-1类似物艾塞那肽,第一个

糖尿病的发病率持续增加,伴随而来的心血管疾病、肾病的病死率也急剧上升。 近些年来,以肠促胰素为基础的新型抗糖尿病药物,越来越被临床所认可。肠促胰素是由肠道内分泌细胞分泌,以葡萄糖依赖的方式促进胰岛素分泌的激素。主要的肠促胰素,有两种GLP-1和GIP,GLP-1是由远端回结肠的L细胞分泌的,GIP是由十二指肠和上段空肠分泌的。


在2005年,以GLP-1为基础的药物,GLP-1类似物艾塞那肽,第一个被FDA批准成为临床用药。2006年,DPPVI抑制剂西格列汀,也被引入临床。目前,在美国应用的GLP-1类似物,有艾塞那肽和利拉鲁肽;DPPVI抑制剂有西格列汀、沙格列汀、阿格列汀、利格列汀。最近的一篇META分析显示,使用GLP-1类似物治疗30周,平均HbA1c下降1%,体重下降1.5-2.5Kg;而使用DPPVI抑制剂,HbA1c下降0.5-1%。研究证明,老年糖尿病患者,与年轻糖尿病患者相比,餐后GLP-1的水平明显降低。这就说明,这些新型药物的疗效存在个体差异性。

目前,越来越多的研究,开始关注肠促胰素为基础的药物在改善血糖和减轻体重以外的获益,比如:心血管的保护作用、胃肠道的功能、胰岛B细胞的数量和功能,以及其可能的副作用。
   
动物实验证明,以GLP-1为基础的药物对胰腺B细胞的影响,主要是通过促进胰岛B细胞的增殖、分化,抑制其凋亡,从而改善胰岛B细胞的功能。而且,GLP-1受体敲出的小鼠,胰岛B细胞的凋亡速度更快。将小鼠的胰岛素瘤细胞系使用GLP-1预处理后,可以抵制H2O2诱导的细胞凋亡。Zucker等人的研究,进一步证明,向糖尿病小鼠的离体胰岛细胞直接灌注GLP-1,可以抑制胰岛素B细胞的凋亡,促进B细胞的增殖。此外,体外培养人的胰岛细胞,使用GLP-1进行灌注,也能观察到同样的结果——胰岛B细胞的凋亡数目,明显减少。 
    
研究证明,GLP-1可以通过多种信号通路,产生抗B细胞凋亡作用,比如促进抗凋亡因子Bcl-2、Bcl-x及cAMP的生成,激活PI3K和PKB两个通路。

GLP-1抗B细胞凋亡的作用,也可以通过EGFR-PI3K通路抑制Foxo1的激活,促进转录因子Pdx-1和Foxa2的激活产生。实验证明,Pdx-1缺陷的小鼠,艾塞那肽的抗B细胞凋亡作用也减弱了。

除了PKA通路外,GLP-1可以通过抑制蛋白B引起的ERK1/2的激活,导致凋亡蛋白前体的失活。同时,艾塞那肽4也可以通过减少TXNIP(促凋亡因子之一)的表达,抑制氧化应激作用引起的胰岛B细胞的凋亡。此外,抑制6碳氨基末端的激酶活性,也可以抑制细胞因子诱导的细胞凋亡。
艾塞那肽也可以通过抑制内质网的氧化应激,抵抗B细胞的凋亡。而利拉鲁肽可以通过激活mTOR/AMPK通路,抑制糖毒性导致的胰岛B细胞的凋亡。

所有这些动物实验都证明,以GLP-1为基础的新型药物,可以抑制B细胞的凋亡,提高B细胞的存活率。体外培养的胰岛细胞,也得出类似的结果,但是,以GLP-1为基础的药物,对在体的人体胰岛B细胞的影响,仍有待进一步研究。研究肠促胰素抗B细胞凋亡的机制,有助于将来研究更多抗糖尿病药物。

原始出处:

Goundan PN1, Underwood P2, Mantzoros CS3.Incretin therapy and Beta cell function.Metabolism. 2015 Feb;64(2):157-9. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.006. Epub 2014 Oct 13.

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    2015-10-14 guojianrong
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    2015-06-22 baoya
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    2015-08-05 一闲
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    2015-01-21 闆锋旦

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