Cell:青蒿素耐药性凸显,颜宁/尹航提出“饿死疟原虫”新思路

2020-08-31 Bio生物世界 Bio生物世界

在这一文章中进一步详细阐明了新一代小分子抑制剂系列的设计思路和构效关系

疟疾(Malaria)是疟原虫(Plasmodium)通过雌性按蚊为媒介传播的传染性疾病,是当今世界公共卫生的突出问题。可寄生于人类的疟原虫有5种,包括:恶性疟原虫(Plasmodium falciparum)、卵形疟原虫(Plasmodium ovale)、间日疟原虫(Plasmodium vivax)、三日疟原虫(Plasmodium malariae)和诺氏疟原虫(Plasmodium knowlesi),其中恶性疟原虫可感染各个时期的红细胞,引起严重的全身症状甚至导致死亡,是现存对人类健康威胁最大的疟原虫。

上世纪七十年代,屠呦呦等中国科技工作者从黄花蒿中成功提取出抗疟效果良好的青蒿素化合物。至今以青蒿素为基础的药物联用疗法(Artemisinin-based combination therapy,ACT)仍旧是治疗恶性和重症疟疾的一线疗法,对全球的抗疟工作起到了突出贡献,屠呦呦也因此获得2015年诺贝尔生理与医学奖。

然而由于耐药性疟原虫的产生,ACT疗法已先后在东南亚和非洲地区出现了治疗失败的病例,开发新型抗疟药物已成为亟需解决的重要科学和公共卫生问题。

 

图1 青蒿素及ACT疗法在东南亚(左图)和非洲(右图)地区出现治疗失败(图片来源:左图,WHO world malaria report;右图,Nature Medicine, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1005-2)

葡萄糖是大多数动物细胞的主要能源物质,通过抑制细胞摄取葡萄糖的“饥饿疗法”,可作为治疗一些相关疾病的潜在治疗策略。在恶性疟原虫中,己糖转运蛋白PfHT1(Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter 1)是其主要的葡萄糖摄入蛋白,通过抑制该蛋白的转运活性,将可能有效抑制疟原虫的能量摄入从而抑制原虫的生长和增殖,但是该策略的难度在于定向抑制疟原虫的糖摄入而不影响人体细胞。

在早期针对PfHT1作为抗疟靶点的研究中,由于缺乏该蛋白的结构信息,抑制剂的开发工作没有取得突破性进步。早在2014和2015年,当时任清华大学教授的颜宁团队相继解析了人源葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUT1和GLUT3的高分辨率晶体结构(2014,2015,Nature),与此同时将目标锁定PfHT1,并在结构解析的基础上与清华大学药学院尹航教授团队合作进行基于结构的小分子药物开发。

2020年8月28日,颜宁团队与尹航团队合作在 Cell 上在线发表题为:Structural Basis for Blocking Sugar Uptake into the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum(抑制恶性疟原虫糖摄入的结构基础)的重要研究成果。

该论文报道了PfHT1分别结合天然底物葡萄糖和一个已知的选择性与抑制效果都比较微弱的抑制剂C3361的两个结构。出乎意料,C3361的结合导致了PfHT1巨大的构象变化,衍生出一个全新的空腔结构,可以用来作为靶点进行抑制剂的设计与优化。在此发现的基础上,团队成员开发出了一系列具有更高亲和力的选择性抑制剂,在原虫抑制实验中确认可以有效杀死疟原虫,却对人源细胞无害,从而为开发新一代抗疟药物开辟了道路。

在发表 Cell 论文的同时,两个团队还合作在生物领域预印本平台 bioRxiv 上发表了题为:Orthosteric-allosteric dual inhibitors of PfHT1 as selective anti-malarial agents(靶向PfHT1蛋白正构-别构双位点的选择性抗疟药物开发)的研究成果。

在这一文章中进一步详细阐明了新一代小分子抑制剂系列的设计思路和构效关系,并通过一系列的原虫抑制实验验证了该系列小分子抑制剂的高杀伤性、低细胞毒性以及针对原虫多个繁殖周期都具有良好抑制效果的多周期性,从而为该系列抗疟药物的进一步开发奠定了基础。

综上,研究团队针对疟疾耐药性不断增加的现状,通过对底物或抑制剂结合状态下的PfHT1蛋白结构解析,鉴定了新的药物结合位点并设计出一系列高效的“正构-别构”双位点抑制剂。通过抑制疟原虫对葡萄糖的摄取 “饿死疟原虫”,这代表着一种新型抗疟药物研发思路,为下一代抗疟药物的研发奠定了基础。

值得一提的是,饶子和院士评价上述工作时称:“研究团队以阻断疟原虫能源摄取为新手段开发的新一代化合物有望解决日趋严重的疟疾耐药性问题;同时靶向膜转运蛋白的正构及别构调节位点的抑制剂设计思路非常具有创造性,也为其他药物理性设计提供了参考”。

据悉,文章的共同通讯作者为原清华大学生命科学学院、医学院、现普林斯顿大学分子生物学系教授颜宁和清华大学药学院教授尹航,共同第一作者为现已毕业的清华大学生命科学学院博士蒋鑫、清华大学生命科学学院博士后袁亚飞、清华大学化学系2016级博士生黄健与清华大学生命科学学院2017级博士生张硕。

原始出处:Xin Jiang, Yafei Yuan, Jian Huang et al. Structural Basis for Blocking Sugar Uptake into the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Cell. August 28, 2020

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    2021-04-05 晓辰
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    2021-02-06 爆笑小医
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    2020-09-02 syscxl
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    2020-09-01 策瑜爱发呆

    谢谢分享

    0

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    2020-09-01 14818eb4m67暂无昵称

    学习

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    2020-08-31 rayms

    点赞👍#青蒿素#

    0

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