9例增生型毛细血管畸形的手术治疗

2019-08-25 吴丽芬 赵怡芳 邹海啸 口腔医学研究

毛细血管畸形(Capillary malformations,CM),又名葡萄酒色斑(Port-wine stain,PWS)、鲜红斑痣,微静脉畸形。病变主要表现为真皮内毛细血管及后微静脉的扩张畸形,不伴明显的血管内皮细胞增殖。毛细血管畸形在出生时即可发现,表现为边界清晰、边缘不规则、不高于皮肤表面的红色斑片,颜色可为浅粉红色至深紫红色,压之部分或完全退色。病变随生长发育呈等比例增大,若不接受治疗

毛细血管畸形(Capillary malformations,CM),又名葡萄酒色斑(Port-wine stain,PWS)、鲜红斑痣,微静脉畸形。病变主要表现为真皮内毛细血管及后微静脉的扩张畸形,不伴明显的血管内皮细胞增殖。毛细血管畸形在出生时即可发现,表现为边界清晰、边缘不规则、不高于皮肤表面的红色斑片,颜色可为浅粉红色至深紫红色,压之部分或完全退色。病变随生长发育呈等比例增大,若不接受治疗可终生持续性增生,不发生自行消退。随年龄增长,真皮内毛细血管呈进行性扩张,数量增多,可延伸至真皮深层及皮下组织,导致皮肤表面颜色加深、变红、变紫,病变增厚。
 
毛细血管畸形在男、女患者中发病率相当,无明显的家族遗传性。新生儿的发病率约为0.3%~0.5%,其致病机制尚不明确。毛细血管畸形可发生于身体的任何部位,以颌面部、颈部多见。出现增厚性改变的中位年龄为31岁,71%的患者在50岁之后病变增厚或呈结节状。这类病变可严重地影响患者的面容、心理健康及功能。
  
目前,脉冲染料激光(Pulsed dye laser,PDL)为治疗浅表型毛细血管畸形的一线手段。PDL对增生型毛细血管畸形的疗效较差,晚期和疗程不全的患者可出现病变的增厚及产生结节的风险。对于病变呈显著性增厚、出现鹅卵石样结节,深部累及皮肤或皮下血管丛,保守治疗效果不佳,及病变持续进展影响患者外形及功能的情况,手术为有效的治疗手段。
  
本文对我院1999年6月~2017年12月之间收治的,接受手术治疗的9例患者资料进行总结,结果报道如下。
 
1.材料与方法
 
1.1 研究对象及一般资料 
 
本组共9例颌面部增生型PWS患者,其中男4例,女5例,年龄24~76岁,中位年龄44岁,颌面部双侧受累者5例。5例沿三叉神经第二、三支分布(V2~V3),1例沿三叉神经第一支分布(V1),1例沿V2分布,1例沿V1~V3分布,1例沿V3及颈部分布;选择病变减量术+邻近瓣转移缺损修复术者6例;3例患者接受病变完整切除术+远位皮瓣修复术或植皮术,具体为胸三角皮瓣、前臂皮瓣及全厚皮片各1例。
 
1.2 结果 
 
接受病变减量术的患者,5例实现一期愈合,1例术后4d出现创缘裂开,经清创后愈合良好;在接受病变完整切除术的患者中,选择胸三角皮瓣转移缺损修复术的患者术区出现继发感染,经清创处理后,皮瓣成活良好;选择皮片移植及前臂皮瓣转移缺损修复术的患者术区实现一期愈合,面容及功能得到明显改善;5例累及下唇伴下唇外翻的患者,术后进食及咀嚼功能得到明显改善,流涎症状消失。
 
2.典型病例
 
2.1 患者1 
 
男,26岁。出生时面、颈部可见红色斑块,13年来自觉下唇渐增厚,伴流涎,影响进食。曾于当地医院行病变区硬化治疗3次,无明显好转。查体:左侧面部中、下份及颈部可见16 cm×14 cm大小红色斑块,局部隆起于皮肤表面,下唇增厚、前突、局部外翻。患者要求改善唇部外形及功能,遂为其施行病变减量术。于下唇黏膜干湿交界处行横行切口,解剖黏膜、黏膜下组织及口轮匝肌,切除富余唇部组织至外形基本对称协调,分层对位缝合。患者术后下唇形态基本对称,面下1/3比例基本协调,咀嚼功能、开唇露齿、流涎等症状得到改善,见图1。



图1 患者1术前、术后照。1a、1b:下唇及面颈部毛细血管畸形,术前可见下唇增厚明显,部分外翻;1c、1d:术后1月,下唇基本恢复对称、协调
 
2.2 患者2 
 
男,58岁。出生时左侧面部即有红色斑块,起初与皮肤相平,近十年来病变渐增大、增厚,高于皮肤表面,影响左眼视物。曾行病变区的聚桂醇及平阳霉素硬化治疗,未见明显消退。查体:左侧面部可见约10 cm×10 cm 大小的紫红色肿物,界清,边缘不规则,表面呈结节状、鹅卵石状改变。病变上达左下眼睑,内侧达左侧鼻翼和鼻背。遂于病变外正常皮肤内设计切口,深部至正常肌层,将病灶完整切除,同期行左前臂皮瓣转移修复缺损术。术后患者视力明显改善,面部左右基本对称,见图2。



图2 患者2术前、术后照。2a:增生型毛细血管畸形,术前可见患者左侧面部大范围增厚结节状紫红色病变,部分呈鹅卵石样改变;2b:病变切除+前臂皮瓣修复术后4周
 
原始出处:

吴丽芬,赵怡芳,邹海啸.9例增生型毛细血管畸形的手术治疗[J].口腔医学研究,2018,34(10):1141-1144.

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    2019-08-27 wushaoling