LCAH:母亲抗逆转录病毒治疗对未感染HIV的儿童早期神经发育的影响

2022-07-31 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

HIV

据估计,全世界有1540万未感染艾滋病毒(HEU)的儿童,占一些艾滋病毒负担高的国家每年新生儿的20%以上。

背景:怀孕大大减少了艾滋病毒的垂直传播,这意味着大多数艾滋病毒携带者母亲所生的孩子都接触过艾滋病毒,但没有感染。据估计,全世界有1540万未感染艾滋病毒(HEU)的儿童,占一些艾滋病毒负担高的国家每年新生儿的20%以上。HEU儿童和未接触艾滋病毒(HU)的儿童在早期死亡率和发病率方面存在明显差异,人们对艾滋病毒和ART暴露对神经发育的影响表示关注。儿童早期发展是未来学术成就和社会经济成果的基础。可持续发展目标认识到儿童神经发展的重要性,因为早期阶段是大脑发育的基础。重要的是了解发育受损的各种风险因素,以便为增强儿童神经发展潜力的干预战略提供信息。然而,在年轻时很难衡量神经发育,这使得解释单一研究的结果具有挑战性。

现有文献表明,与HU儿童相比,HEU儿童可能存在认知、语言和运动障碍的不良风险。虽然已经进行了两次荟萃分析,但都仅限于使用贝利婴幼儿发育量表的研究,其中一些研究有偏颇的风险。在一次荟萃分析中,所有来自美国以外的研究都被归类为低质量研究,因为潜在的混淆和样本量小,从而限制了对艾滋病毒高流行地区HEU儿童结局的了解。

在怀孕和哺乳期间接受抗逆转录病毒药物治疗的机会已经扩大,从而提高了产妇存活率和母乳喂养率,这可能会影响神经发育。在推出抗逆转录病毒药物后进行的几项研究报告称,高尿酸血症儿童仍然面临神经发育迟缓的风险;然而,其他研究发现与HU儿童没有区别。分别地,宫内暴露于抗逆转录病毒药物与不良神经发育相关。

目的:。williamhill asia 的第一个目的是通过对HEU儿童和HU儿童的比较来研究宫内HIV暴露对儿童神经发育的影响,第二个目的是研究宫内ART暴露对HEU儿童神经发育的影响。

方法 在这个系统回顾和荟萃分析中,williamhill asia 搜索了MEDLINE、Embase、PubMed、Africa-Wide Information、PsycInfo和Global Health数据库,从开始到2020年5月27日,寻找过去20年报告0-5岁HEU儿童与HIV未暴露(HU)儿童的神经发育的研究(目标1),以及不同孕产妇抗逆转录病毒治疗方案对HEU儿童神经发育的影响(目标2)。williamhill asia 对这两个目标进行了叙述性综合,并对比较HEU儿童和HU儿童的高质量研究进行了随机效应荟萃分析,以获得加权的效应大小估计值。本研究已在PROSPERO注册,CRD42018075910。

研究结果 williamhill asia 筛选了35 527条记录,纳入了31项研究的45篇文章。总的来说,21项研究中的12项(57%)比较了高考儿童和大学儿童,发现高考儿童的神经发育至少在一个领域比较差。研究设计和方法学质量是可变的,在不同人群中具有异质性。荟萃分析包括8项高质量的研究,在12-24个月时将1856名HEU儿童与3067名HU儿童进行比较;在有数据的HEU儿童中,1732人中有1709人(99%)接触过ART。与HU儿童相比,HEU儿童的语言表达能力(效果大小为-0-17 [95% CI -0-27 to -0-07], p=0-0013)和粗大运动功能(-0-13 [-0-20 to -0-07], p<0-0001)较差,但认知发展(-0-06 [-0-19 to 0-06], p=0-34)、接受性语言发展(-0-10 [-0-23 to 0-03], p=0-14)和精细运动能力(-0-05 [-0-15 to 0-06], p=0-36)相似。结果表明,几乎没有证据表明特定的母亲抗逆转录病毒疗法对神经发育的影响;研究的异质性妨碍了荟萃分析。

图1 HEU儿童和HU儿童的神经发育比较,Cd=认知发展。LD=语言发展。MD=运动发育。AB=适应性行为。SEB=社交-情绪行为。HEU=接触艾滋病毒但未感染的人。HU=HIV-未暴露。ADBB=警报窘迫婴儿等级。贝利婴儿神经发育筛查器。BSID-II=贝利婴幼儿发展量表第二版。BSID-III=贝利婴幼儿发展量表第三版。CDI=麦克阿瑟-贝茨传播发展清单。DDST-II=丹佛发育筛查测验第二版。发展里程碑核对表。FSDQ=全面发展商。GMDS=Griffiths智力发展量表。KABC-II=考夫曼儿童评估电池,第二版。MDAT=马拉维发展评估工具。MSEL=马伦早期学习量表。皮博迪发育运动量表。RITLS=Rossetti幼儿语言量表。SDQ=优点和困难问卷。Snijders-Oomen非语言智力测试。VABs=Vinland适应性行为量表。Beery-VMI=Beery Buktenica视觉运动整合测试。*如果域之间的数字不同,则列出最高的数字。†的语言和运动发展综合得分或BSID-II智力发展指数被用来反映认知和语言发展;另外,在适用的情况下,认知发展使用MSEL认知综合得分、MDAT总分或GMDS总商进行评估。‡未调整的分析结果,以P<0.05的统计学意义或通过95%的CI在组内比较平均或比较延迟(如适用)来定义。§如果评估的中位年龄在这一时间点的1个月内,则将年龄定为12个月(附录,第19-20页)。;在平均分分析上,Le Roux和同事10报告的平均分数没有显著的组间差异;韦德伯恩和同事32报告说,在未经调整和经过调整的分析中,HEU儿童的接受性和表现性语言得分低于HU儿童,而在未经调整的分析中,认知得分更低。|BSID-II仅在6个月和18个月有差异,DDST在6个月有差异。**在不良结果分析上,在未经调整和调整的分析中,HEU儿童的语言不良结果显著高于HU儿童。††研究纳入年龄范围内的中位数年龄

图2 在荟萃分析中,HEU=未感染HIV的HEU儿童与HU儿童的神经发育结果的比较。HU=HIV-未暴露。

图3 母亲ART对感染艾滋病毒的未感染儿童的神经发育差异

表1:HEU儿童与HU儿童的头围和神经影像结果比较(目标1)

结论:HEU儿童在2岁前有可能出现语言表达和粗大运动发育方面的细微障碍。williamhill asia 发现,尽管证据不多,但母亲的抗逆转录病毒治疗方案没有一致的影响。williamhill asia 强调有必要进行大规模的高质量的纵向研究,以评估HEU儿童的神经发育轨迹,并研究潜在的机制,为干预策略提供依据。

原文出处:Wedderburn CJ,  Weldon E,  Bertran-Cobo C, et al.Early neurodevelopment of HIV-exposed uninfected children in the era of antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2022 06;6(6)

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    2022-10-28 mjldent
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    2022-08-05 hxj0117
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    2022-07-29 neurowu
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