CHC2018丨张宇辉教授:聚焦肿瘤药物相关心力衰竭

2018-08-06 国际循环编辑部 国际循环

抗肿瘤治疗相关心功能不全是一个日益严重的健康问题,2018年8月3日,CHC年会心力衰竭(心衰)和心肌病专题肿瘤心脏病论坛,中国医学科学院阜外医院张宇辉教授从概况、诊断和检查及防治三大方面入手对肿瘤药物相关心衰作了专题解析。

抗肿瘤治疗相关心功能不全是一个日益严重的健康问题,2018年8月3日,CHC年会心力衰竭(心衰)和心肌病专题肿瘤心脏病论坛,中国医学科学院阜外医院张宇辉教授从概况、诊断和检查及防治三大方面入手对肿瘤药物相关心衰作了专题解析。



中国医学科学院阜外医院张宇辉教授

肿瘤药物相关心衰概况

淋巴瘤乳腺癌两种生存期相对较长肿瘤患者的分析显示,与对照组相比,其新发心衰风险可增加3倍。进一步多元回归分析可见,抗肿瘤药物累积剂量是上述患者发生心衰的独立危险因素。

抗肿瘤治疗相关心脏毒性可分为急性、慢性和迟发性三大类。相关研究数据显示,不同化疗药物引起心衰发病率有所差异。常规化疗药物中,导致心衰发病最主要的药物是蒽环类药物。与其他抗肿瘤药物相比,蒽环类药物心脏毒性多为进展性、不可逆,但不同患者可能对该类药物心脏毒性的敏感性不同,呈现出不同的特点。此外,靶向抗肿瘤药物也存在心脏毒性,可导致心衰发生。举例来说,心脏毒性是乳腺癌靶向治疗药物曲妥珠单抗中断化疗最常见的原因,可通过抑制心肌细胞HER2信号转导通路、损伤收缩蛋白以及改变心肌细胞线粒体完整性、损耗三磷酸腺苷导致心肌收缩功能障碍导致心功能异常。当然,曲妥珠单抗的心脏毒性具有非剂量依赖性、可逆性及远期毒性较小的特点。

肿瘤药物相关心衰的诊断和检查

肿瘤药物相关心衰的诊断需综合考虑患者的危险因素,结合症状、体征及其他检测指标如生物标志物及其他影像资料来进行,多以左心室射血分数(LVEF)值作为诊断依据。肿瘤药物相关心衰的常规检查推荐将低辐射、重复性最佳、能反映更多临床信息的影像学检查和化验值作为监测指标,监测时间及频率取决于个体化肿瘤治疗方案、致心脏毒性化疗药物的累积量及基线血管病危险因素等。

常规检查项目主要包括超声心动图、心脏标志物、心电图、心脏核磁共振成像(CMR)、核素心肌显像及心内膜心肌活检。其中,三维超声心动图是目前测量LVEF最准确的超声检查方法且重复性好;肌钙蛋白及BNP等生物标志物有助于早期识别存在肿瘤相关心衰风险的患者,能在影像学基础上提供额外诊断价值;心电图在于抗肿瘤治疗前后行评估既能了解既往心肌梗死、广泛心肌损害及心律失常的情况,又可提供抗肿瘤治疗过程中新出现的心脏毒性相关心电图改变等信息;CMR兼具超声和多门血池成像(MUGA)优点,可评估心肌水肿程度、灌注异常及心肌纤维化,但花费较高且有明确禁忌;核素心肌显像可应用MUGA行LVEF检查,但存在辐射性且不能评估其他心脏结构的改变;心内膜心肌活检仍是特异性和敏感性较高的监测手段,但实施比较困难,故仅在必要时应用。

肿瘤药物相关心衰的防治

关于肿瘤药物相关心衰防治,首先要识别高危因素,发现高危人群。其预防策略一方面,可通过限制累积剂量、改变给药方法或药物结构、脂质体包裹、纠正并存血管危险因素及调整生活方式来入手;另一方面,可选择应用预防药物。限制累积剂量方面,某些肿瘤药物的慢性及迟发性心脏毒性与累积剂量相关,若有证据表明心脏毒性发生,则可在累积剂量较低时停止治疗。有关改变药物结构,使用心脏毒性更低的结构类似物如表柔比星有助于显著提高给药剂量、降低心脏毒性;调整生活方式,则应在专业人士指导下进行有氧运动训练以提高生活质量和改善预后。

药物预防方面,对高危患者(如患心血管病、曾用心脏毒性药物治疗或存在难以控制的危险因素)及计划应用大剂量心脏毒性药物的低危患者,应强化控制危险因素并考虑预防性应用心脏保护药物(如右丙亚胺、ACEI及ARB类药物、β受体阻滞剂及他汀等药物)。中国威廉亚洲博彩公司 建议,应在第一次使用蒽环类药物前就联合使用右丙亚胺,以防心脏毒性的发生。就治疗而言,以蒽环类药物心脏毒性治疗为例,可根据患者有无症状进行相应的处理。

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    2018-08-08 易水河

    解决了一个问题往往又出现新的问题

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    2018-08-08 mei536
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    2018-08-07 神功盖世

    0

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