JTACS:脑部损伤不会增加多发伤患者血管栓塞风险

2014-08-27 小小老虎 丁香园

创伤是深静脉血栓的一个主要危险因素,而脑外伤又被普遍认为会增加深静脉血栓的风险,通常需要常规预防血栓治疗。目前普遍认为多发伤患者无论是否合并脑外伤,具有较高的深静脉栓塞发生风险。但是对于该类患者目前医学界尚不清楚哪些预防方法和措施可以减少深静脉栓塞的发生。哪些合并脑外伤的多发创伤患者发生静脉血栓的机会会不会增加呢? 针对上述疑问,美国佛罗里达州的Evan J. Valle医生进行了一项回顾性研究

创伤是静脉血栓的一个主要危险因素,而脑外伤又被普遍认为会增加深静脉血栓的风险,通常需要常规预防血栓治疗。目前普遍认为多发伤患者无论是否合并脑外伤,具有较高的深静脉栓塞发生风险。但是对于该类患者目前医学界尚不清楚哪些预防方法和措施可以减少深静脉栓塞的发生。哪些合并脑外伤的多发创伤患者发生静脉血栓的机会会不会增加呢?

针对上述疑问,美国佛罗里达州的Evan J. Valle医生进行了一项回顾性研究,他们发现对于有较高深静脉血栓风险的多发伤患者,在ICU治疗的同时给予机械性或化学性预防血栓措施后,合并脑外伤的患者的静脉血栓发生率并没有增加。他们认为可能的原因是没有任何一个单独的危险因素(如脑外伤)足以增加深静脉血栓,尤其是对于那些常规接受化学和机械性预防治疗的患者。其研究结果发表在近期的J Trauma Acute Care Surg杂志上。

作者回顾性研究2011年8月至2013年7之间在ICU接受治疗深静脉血栓Greenfield风险评分超过10的148例多发伤患者。排除孕妇、未成年人、因转运而延迟入院的患者。多发伤的定义为按照简明损伤评分(AIS)两个或两个以上部位损伤,脑外伤的定义为CT检查存在硬膜下出现、硬膜外出血、局部脑挫裂伤、弥散性轴索损伤。使用下肢多普勒彩超和胸部CT检测下肢深静脉栓塞和肺栓塞。

纳入的多发伤患者共148例,其中合并脑外伤的患者有68例(45%),平均年龄45±18岁,无脑外伤的患者为80例(5%),平均年龄49±19岁,男性患者占78%,创伤严重评分分别为32±11和22±10。ICU住院时间分别为21天和12天。死亡率分别为18%和9%。

该组患者开始抗凝的时间平均为入院2天。化学抗凝方案分别为皮下注射肝素71例(占55%)、达肝素54例(42%),肝素静滴4例(3%),依诺肝素1例。在无脑外伤的8例患者中使用下肢静脉过滤器,放置时间为入院2天,14例脑外伤患者平均在入院7天时放置下肢静脉过滤器。其中脑外伤组和无脑外伤组分别有2例和1例患者是因为存在化学抗凝禁忌症而使用下肢静脉过滤器。

此外,在126例患者(86%)中使用机械方法预防血栓,有108例患者(73%)同时接受化学和机械预防血栓治疗。机械性预防方案的禁忌症是需要外固定的下肢骨折或双侧下肢截肢患者。化学性预防方案的禁忌症为进行性颅内出血、术后出血和贫血加重。

研究结果显示:血管栓塞的发生率为26%(38例),平均发生在入院后10天,其中31例为深静脉血栓,7例发生于上肢,23发生于膝关节上方,1例发生于膝关节下方。剩余7例血管栓塞为肺栓塞。30%的血管栓塞发生于入院2天内。

脑外伤组患者和非脑外伤组患者的人口基本情况、静脉血栓危险评分、多发伤发生率、死亡率之间没有显著差异,但是脑外伤组患者的创伤严重程度评分(ISS)分值较高(32比22),在ICU住院的时间更长(21天比12天),入院时血液高凝程度更高,使用普通肝素预防的比例较高(65%比36%),预防性抗凝的开始时间要比非脑外伤组延迟1天。

然而,脑外伤组和无脑外伤组患者的静脉血栓发生率并无显著差异(25%比26%),而且,无论是否合并脑外伤,30%的静脉血栓发生在入院2天内,无论接受化学性预防或机械性预防措施,50%的静脉血栓发展在入院10天内。

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原始出处

Valle EJ1, Van Haren RM, Allen CJ, Jouria JM, Bullock MR, Schulman CI, Namias N, Livingstone AS, Proctor KG.Does traumatic brain injury increase the risk for venous thromboembolism in polytrauma patients?J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014 Aug;

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    2014-09-21 grace5700
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    2014-12-11 yuandd
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    2014-08-29 yaanren
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