拔管后严重支气管痉挛1例报告

2019-06-18 张莹 田肇隆 王天龙 北京医学

患者女,60岁,因“左上睑下垂4个月”于2018年3月22日以“鞍区占位”收入院,拟在全麻下行鼻内镜下鞍区肿物切除术。既往有糖尿病病史6年,规律口服二甲双胍,血糖控制可。无哮喘病史,近期无上呼吸道感染病史,青霉素过敏。入院查体:双肺呼吸音清,未及明显干湿啰音。

患者女,60岁,因“左上睑下垂4个月”于2018年3月22日以“鞍区占位”收入院,拟在全麻下行鼻内镜下鞍区肿物切除术。既往有糖尿病病史6年,规律口服二甲双胍,血糖控制可。无哮喘病史,近期无上呼吸道感染病史,青霉素过敏。入院查体:双肺呼吸音清,未及明显干湿啰音。
 
辅助检查:胸片、ECG及实验室检查均正常。患者入室后开放上肢外周静脉,建立桡动脉置管,连接Detex-Ohemda S5多功能麻醉监护仪监测ECG、HR、SpO2,有创血压(arterial blood pressure,ABP)、BIS。监测显示:ABP130/80mmHg,HR65次/min,SpO2 100%,BIS95。准备完毕后给予面罩吸氧5min(氧流量6L/min),并进行快速顺序诱导麻醉插管,依次静脉注射咪达唑仑1mg,舒芬太尼15μg,依托咪酯10mg,罗库溴铵40mg。
 
Glidescope可视喉镜下经口插入7.0号加强型气管导管,一次插管成功,听诊双肺呼吸音清,对称等强,气道峰压为16 cmH2O,PETCO2为35mmHg。手术过程顺利,术毕停药,患者意识恢复,可听从指令抬头持续约5s,吸口腔分泌物有呛咳反应,自主呼吸恢复,潮气量约350ml左右,呼吸节律规整,PETCO240mmHg,评估患者具备拔管指征并予以拔管。
 
拔管后约2min患者出现躁动,不断用手示意胸前不适,予面罩吸氧和抬高床头处理,未能缓解。听诊双肺闻及广泛的哮鸣音,判断为支气管痉挛,立即静脉注射甲强龙80mg。SpO2仍然难以维持并开始下降,手控加压给氧,气道压升至70 cmH2O,紧急呼叫临床科室支援。再次听诊双肺呼吸音消失,患者出现支气管痉挛最严重的情况——寂静肺。SpO2持续下降,同时出现心率减慢、无创血压难以测出循环衰竭现象。患者出现口唇、皮肤发绀,意识丧失。
 
立即启动胸外按压,Glidescope可视喉镜下气管插管,静脉注射肾上腺素1mg,SpO2最低至21%。插管成功后予手控通气,气道压力极高难以通气,反复给予1mg肾上腺素4次,甲强龙80mg,通气状况逐渐改善,此时心率达180次/min,心电监护仪显示为室上速,血气结果为(FiO2 100%)pH7.106,PaCO2 78.1mmHg,PaO2 56.6mmHg,乳酸(Lac)3.5。
 
5min后患者心率逐渐降至90次/min左右,窦性心律,外周血氧饱和度升至100%,听诊双肺有湿啰音,未闻及哮鸣音。患者呼之可应,可正确回答问题。带气管导管自主呼吸状态下术间观察1h,生命体征平稳,带气管导管回重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)。复查血气(FiO2 40%),结果为pH7.34,PaCO2 42.4mmHg,PaO2 83.7mmHg,Lac5.2。患者于1d后成功拔管,未出现明显不良反应。
 
讨论
 
支气管痉挛是围术期常见的并发症之一,临床表现为支气管平滑肌痉挛性收缩、通气阻力增加、呼气性呼吸困难,是一种罕见的但病死率极高的麻醉并发症。患者于拔管后出现躁动及胸前不适,结合患者既往存在糖尿病、高龄等冠心病危险因素,首先考虑为心脏问题,予以抬高床位和吸氧处理,症状未能缓解。后及时听诊肺部进行鉴别诊断,双肺存在广泛的哮鸣音,基本可明确为支气管痉挛,并在2min内迅速发展为寂静肺。围术期发生支气管痉挛的原因及病理机制尚不完全清楚,多数学者认为可能是气道高反应性(airway hyper reactivity,AHR)和炎症免疫等共同作用的结果。
 
本例可能导致支气管痉挛的相关因素有:①患者术前访视无呼吸系统疾病史,无近期感冒病史,但存在青霉素过敏。研究表明,特异性过敏反应和AHR密切相关,具有AHR的患者在低水平刺激下比正常人易发生过度气道狭窄或支气管痉挛。②患者因“鞍区占位”在全麻下行鼻内窥镜下鞍区肿物切除术,手术操作位于上呼吸道,术中各种冲洗液及口腔分泌物对气道刺激较大。③在浅麻醉状态下拔管、吸痰是常见支气管痉挛的诱发因素,可刺激迷走神经兴奋,导致气管平滑肌的强烈收缩。迷走神经和交感神经直接调节气道张力,炎症性水肿和黏液堵塞加重气流呼出困难,并可削弱对支气管扩张药物和皮质类固醇药物的治疗反应。一旦出现严重的支气管痉挛,治疗措施相对有限,加压给氧通常难以奏效。
 
本例患者在很短的时间内出现了因缺氧导致的循环衰竭,表现为血压、心率及SpO2快速下降。此时采取的措施有:①立即启动抢救流程,进行双人心肺复苏(cardio pulmonary resuscitation,CPR),一人加压给氧控制气道,一人进行胸外按压,尽可能维持脏器灌注,减少大脑缺血时间。②呼叫临床科室团队支援,人员充足是抢救的基础保障。③Glidescope可视喉镜下快速气管插管,直视下操作,明确气管导管位置,除外进入食道的可能性。④经静脉给予甲强龙和肾上腺素。糖皮质激素可降低机体对各种炎性物质引起的细胞反应,稳定溶酶体膜可减少炎性介质释放,增加血管张力,降低通透性,减少渗出。肾上腺素的β2受体激动药,可使支气管平滑肌舒张,气道压明显降低,通气改善显著。在药物的选择上,通常认为选择性的β2受体激动药是缓解支气管痉挛有效药物之一,但并不是手术室常规抢救备药。
 
严重支气管痉挛导致循环衰竭的速度极快,通气受限导致的低氧血症是主要原因。早期通气/血流比失调可通过低氧肺血管收缩(hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction,HPV)进行代偿,但很快炎症导致的血管扩张逆转了HPV作用并加重了低氧血症。高碳酸血症的出现,往往预示着高病死率。气流严重呼出受限导致“肺膨胀”,肺动脉压力升高,最终导致心脏的无脉性电活动。
 
综上所述,本例患者既往无哮喘病史,近期无上呼吸感染病史,否认吸烟等高危因素,仍然不能避免支气管痉挛的发生。本例患者拔管后,没有仓促将其推出手术室,根据科室制度要求,拔管后术间观察至少15min,生命体征平稳后方可出室。麻醉医师拔管后仍需保持对患者的密切关注,这是及时发现及诊断危急事件的制度保障。
 
原始出处:

张莹,田肇隆,王天龙.拔管后严重支气管痉挛1例报告[J].北京医学,2018,40(06):602-603.

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    2019-06-20 apoenzyme
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    2019-06-20 steven_u4
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    2019-06-20 thm112988

    很好

    0

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