病例分享:由真菌引起的感染为何曾被怀疑为球菌性心内膜炎?可能导致该菌感染的危险因素有哪些?

2018-03-26 杨雪梅 等 呼吸界

老年女性因寒战、发热、咳嗽等症状就诊,入院之初曾考虑为社区获得性肺炎等,进行了抗感染治疗后效果却不佳。

推荐语

老年女性因寒战、发热、咳嗽等症状就诊,入院之初曾考虑为社区获得性肺炎等,进行了抗感染治疗后效果却不佳。

最终诊断为一种少见真菌引起的感染……如果在临床上遇到类似症状,患者的既往史和入院检查结果中的哪方面应被重点关注?哪些是导致该菌感染的危险因素?经治疗,患者病情是否好转?

且看重庆市大坪医院呼吸内科杨雪梅、沈叶、曹国强、何勇医生带来的这份特殊的病例分享。

病例分享

患者,女,63岁,因「寒战、发热15天,伴咳嗽5天」于2017年11月14日收入重庆大坪医院呼吸科。

入院前15天,患者出现无明显诱因出现寒战、发热,体温38~39度,多以午后及夜间发热为主;

入院前7天(2017年11月7日)至当地医院就诊,行胸部CT提示肺部少量斑片状模糊影(原片未见)。经治疗后(具体治疗过程不详)仍有发热;

入院前5天,另出现咳嗽,少量白色泡沫样痰液。

既往史:患有多年「雷诺病」;曾于2011年因「窦缓」在新疆自治区人民医院安装心脏起搏器,起搏器置入后,患者长期服用「华法林」,因发现皮肤出血点自行停药半年。无吸烟及饮酒史,无过敏史。

体格检查:浅表淋巴结未及肿大,左锁骨下可见陈旧性手术瘢痕。双肺叩诊呈清音,双肺呼吸音稍粗,双下肺未闻及明显干湿啰音,双下肢无水肿,心脏、腹部查体未见明显异常。

入院诊断考虑

1、社区获得性肺炎?

2、心脏起搏器置入术后。

入院后完善心脏超声提示:二尖瓣少量返流;三尖瓣重度返流;主动脉瓣轻度返流。

腹部超声提示:胆囊壁粗糙。血常规提示:WBC 10.31×10^9/L,CRP 82mg/L。

PCT正常。D-二聚体1341.82ug/L。肝功、肾功、生化、T-SPOT、G实验、呼吸道病原体谱、尿液常规、粪便常规+上下消化道出血筛查等未见明显异常。3次血培养均未见细菌生长。

入院后予以「莫西沙星400mg QD」抗感染治疗。经治疗后,患者仍有间断寒战、发热。于2017年11月20日复查胸部CT提示:左肺上叶舌段片状致密影,其内可见多发支气管影;左侧胸腔积液(图1 A)。



分析患者病情,考虑球菌性肺炎可能,予以换用「利奈唑胺600mg Q12H」抗感染治疗。治疗3天后复查血常规提示感染指标下降(WBC 8.7×10^9/L,CRP 52mg/L)。患者体温有所下降,体温最高38度,诉精神仍较差。

于2017年11月27日复查胸部CT提示:左肺上叶舌段病灶缩小,左侧胸腔积液减少(图1 B)。



于2017年11月30日复查发现PLT下降至9×10^9/L,D-二聚体上升至15556.05ug/L。

考虑

1、利奈唑胺所致血小板下降?

2、血栓性疾病?

复查心脏超声发现右房内大小约4.3*1.5cm强回声影,形态不规则,沿起搏器导丝分布(图2)。


故诊断

1、感染性心内膜赘生物并血栓形成;

2、肺炎(血源性?);

3、菌血症?

于2017年12月6日行「体外循环+右房、三尖瓣赘生物请出+心外膜永久起搏器置入」手术。术中可见心包腔内大量淡黄色积液,右心房大小约4*4*4cm赘生物,以及一些散在分布的小血栓(图3)。赘生物送检,病理组织提示:<右房及三尖瓣赘生物>于变性坏死及炎性渗出组织中查见较多真菌(图4)。赘生物培养提示:尖端赛多孢子菌生长(图5)。








诊断

1、尖端赛多孢子菌感染性心内膜炎

2、尖端赛多孢子菌性肺炎;

3、细菌性肺炎?

予以伏立康唑抗真菌,并利伐沙班抗凝治疗2月,复诊反馈无明显自觉症状,复查心脏超声未见赘生物、肺部病灶有所吸收(图6)。



相关讨论

尖端赛多孢菌(Scedosporium apiospermum):波氏假阿利什菌的无性型,是一种侵袭性和致病性较强的条件致病菌。尖端赛多孢子菌可分泌与烟曲霉类似的胞外蛋白酶,从而发挥其毒力作用。该菌引起的感染多为深部感染,可以侵犯任何部位,引起肺部、中枢神经系统、眼部、关节、皮肤、消化系统、眼、甲状腺、肾脏等组织器官感染,并常引起致死性感染。

可能导致该菌感染的危险因素有:

1、应用大剂量糖皮质激素;

2、实体器官移植;

3、骨髓移植;

4、外伤;

5、溺水;

6、应用免疫抑制;

7、恶性肿瘤患者;

8、有基础肺疾病患者。

(但也有不明原因者)

尖端赛多孢菌引起呼吸道定植,通常发生于原有呼吸道疾病,如慢性阻塞性肺疾病、支气管扩张、肺结核等,所形成的气道空洞的基础上。其临床表现主要为不规律发热、咳嗽、咯血、胸膜炎性胸痛、肺部啰音等。影像学表现与曲霉球表现相似,不易区分,可见单发或多发结节影、局灶性浸润或肺叶浸润。当有呼吸道定植且机体免疫力低下时,尖端赛多孢菌的孢子可出芽,菌丝粘附入侵,形成实变、结节、坏死性肺炎、肺脓肿、胸膜渗出等。尖端赛多孢菌所致心内膜炎,可出现真菌性动脉瘤或心脏瓣膜疣状赘生物,也可形成微小赘生物并引起中小血管的栓塞。组织学和/或细胞学查见真菌,并从其霉样培养物中分离出该菌为确诊依据。

本例患者有「雷诺病」及心脏起搏器植入病史,存在心内膜感染的危险因素。入院初期心脏超声未见心内膜赘生物,且尖端赛多孢菌引起的心内膜炎病例报道少见,故在该例患者的早期诊疗过程中并未考虑该菌。患者住院前后应用抗细菌感染药物治疗效果均不佳,并在病程期间出现D二聚体增加、血小板下降等血栓形成征象,复查心脏超声见心内膜赘生物,最终从手术切除的心内膜赘生物中培养出该菌,从而明确诊断为尖端赛多孢菌感染。患者三次血培养均未见病原菌生长,且G实验阴性。这可能为尖端赛多孢菌感染的特征之一。肺部病灶可能为原发感染并浸润入血的部位,亦不除外未知原因导致该病原菌入血后附着于右心导丝及受损心内膜,进一步繁殖生长并引起血栓形成,带有病原菌的血栓脱落至肺血管引起肺部感染。但从早期已有肺部感染但超声未见明显心内膜赘生物、后期超声见心内膜赘生物迅速生长的情况分析,肺部为原发灶的可能性更大。出乎意料的是,患者早期应用利奈唑胺等抗细菌药物后体温下降,升高的感染相关标志物有下降趋势,肺部病灶也有所吸收,证实抗菌药物治疗部分有效,故并不除外患者合并有细菌感染。

在治疗方面,尖端赛多孢子菌感染的治疗十分困难。若患者病情允许,应尽可能手术切除感染组织。文献报道尖端赛多孢子菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、氟康唑不敏感,伊曲康唑对尖端赛多孢子菌感染有一定疗效。推荐使用伏立康唑治疗。但治疗疗程并无明确推荐。

本例患者应用伏立康唑抗感染治疗2月,病情好转,但肺部病灶并未完全吸收,williamhill asia 给予的治疗方案及疗程参照曲霉菌感染标准,但这种经验能否应用于其他尖端赛多孢菌感染病例,有待进一步的循证学证据给予明确。

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    2018-03-28 zhaojie88
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    2018-03-27 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    思维训练.很好的病历

    0

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    2018-03-26 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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Gut:肝硬化真菌菌群失调!

由此可见,在肝硬化患者中存在显著的真菌失调,其可被被抗生素和使用质子泵抑制剂所改变,但随着时间推移趋于稳定。合并的细菌-真菌菌群失调的指标,拟杆菌/子囊率,可以独立预测肝硬化患者90天的住院治疗情况。

Nat Commun:应对耐药细菌两种新手段:基因改造益生菌和“龙”血?

《自然-通讯》本周在线发表的研究Engineered probiotic Escherichia coli can eliminate and prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa gut infection in animal models表明,一种基因改造益生菌(可能具有促进健康作用的微生物)能在动物模型中预防和消除细菌感染。在秀丽隐杆线虫感染模型中的评估。Hwang

Int J Antimicrob Agents:多学科讨论:初始经验型抗真菌治疗如何影响IC重症患者结局?

侵袭性念珠菌病(IC)是医疗或外科重症监护室(ICUs)中常发生的威胁生命的感染。其与ICU持续时间和住院时间增加相关,尽管存在争议。2017年7月,发表在《Int J Antimicrob Agents》的中国SCAN研究的分析,考察了初始经验型抗真菌治疗对患有IC重症患者结局的影响。

Sci Rep:基于磁纳米材料的抗菌疗法

免疫功能低下的患者以及因严重疾病而住院患者中,常在治疗的过程中面临着因念珠菌感染引起的真菌感染。而在真菌的治疗过程中,不断有真菌具备耐药性,需要研发新的抗菌疗法,包括基于膜渗透剂和纳米材料作为药物载体的新方法。在这项研究中,选取具有杀菌活性LL-37肽,ceragenin CSA-13以及其磁衍生物(MNP@LL-37, MNP@CSA-13)来治疗实验室及临床上的白色念珠菌,光滑念珠菌和热带念珠

Nature:防止真菌感染的免疫机制

人体对外来感染产生抗性的基础在于正确识别微生物的入侵并且激发保护性免疫反应。例如,C-型凝集素 (C-type lectins) 受体能够识别真菌细胞壁中的保守碳水化合物,这对抗真菌免疫反应的激发非常重要。

mSphere:细菌之外,真菌也和肥胖相关

最近的研究显示,肠道微生物与肥胖现象息息相关。肥胖是全球日益增长的健康问题。其与心血管疾病的风险增加有关。但是,最近的关于微生物和代谢的研究主要局限在对细菌的分析。人们似乎不约而同地忽略了真菌对于健康代谢的潜在贡献。至今为止,几乎没有研究去探索真菌对于肥胖症的作用。