Science:肿瘤干细胞驱动的正反馈环路或可成为癌症治疗新靶点

2020-08-03 佚名 BioArt

肿瘤起始细胞,即肿瘤干细胞,是一类具有自我更新、克隆性肿瘤发生能力和克隆性长期增殖潜能的肿瘤细胞,与肿瘤异质性密切相关,在肿瘤放/化疗初步成功后复发、肿瘤休眠、肿瘤转移和耐药等临床现象中起着关键作用。

肿瘤起始细胞(Tumor initiating cells,简称TICs),即肿瘤干细胞,是一类具有自我更新、克隆性肿瘤发生能力和克隆性长期增殖潜能的肿瘤细胞,构成了肿瘤中高度耐药、不对称分裂和起始肿瘤的细胞群体,与肿瘤异质性密切相关,在肿瘤放/化疗初步成功后复发、肿瘤休眠、肿瘤转移和耐药等临床现象中起着关键作用。TIC概念的提出,激发了针对癌症的创新治疗策略的设计,其目的不再是单纯的缩小肿瘤体积,而是消灭维持肿瘤长期生长的细胞群——肿瘤干细胞。

然而,由于缺乏对TIC脆弱点的识别,有效的靶向TIC治疗的发展速度受到限制。与正常干细胞会受到特殊的微环境或干细胞微环境(stem cell niches)的调节一样,具有干性的TIC也被认为处于这样的“niches”中。这种“niches”是一种特殊的微环境,通过提供细胞-细胞接触和分泌因子的形式来调节成体干细胞的命运。TIC所处的“niches”本身就是肿瘤微环境的一部分,非干性的肿瘤细胞也是其中的成员,在肿瘤向恶性状态发展的过程中,原发肿瘤中的TIC的状态及其子代的恶性表型是由TIC相关的肿瘤微环境产生的各种因素控制的,称为“TIC niches”。因此,对TIC和“TIC巢”之间相互作用机制的理解将可能促进有效的癌症治疗的发展。

正常的干细胞“niches”由成纤维细胞、免疫细胞、内皮细胞和血管周围细胞或它们的祖细胞、细胞外基质(ECM)成分以及细胞因子和生长因子网络组成,正常干细胞可以通过发送短距离信号来协调相应的干细胞“niches”,随后接收包括TGF-β在内的相互信号,以维持干细胞的特性。已知实体瘤可以从间质中招募免疫细胞,从而为自身的生长和生存创造有利条件,事实上,肿瘤浸润性免疫细胞的空间分布可以用来预测病人的生存率和治疗反应。但是,在空间邻近时,TIC支持性免疫细胞的定位和功能是如何受到TIC的调节的呢?这又与TIC和“TIC niches”之间的相互作用有什么关系呢?

近日,来自美国俄勒冈健康与科学大学的Naoki Oshimori研究团队在Science发表题为“Tumor-initiating cells establish an IL-33–TGF-β niche signaling loop to promote cancer progression”的文章,通过聚焦细胞因子环境和TGF-β应答的TIC附近的免疫细胞,揭示了在鳞状细胞癌(SCC)小鼠模型中促进肿瘤恶性进展和耐药性的“TIC niches”相互作用的细胞和分子基础,从而为通过使TIC不稳定来提高癌症治疗效率提供了潜在靶点。

为了研究早期肿瘤微环境中出现的“TIC niches”相互作用,本文的研究人员首先采用子宫内、上皮特异性慢病毒转导方法建立了一种致癌的、H-RAS驱动的SCC小鼠模型。组织病理学显示了不同的SCC区域——高分化和侵袭性,慢病毒荧光报告基因发现了侵袭性SCC中对TGF-β应答的肿瘤细胞(一种缓慢循环的TIC,会产生侵袭性的低分化子代),并且其产生频率与邻近基质中的TGF-β配体的分布呈正相关(图1)。由此提示,对TGF-β应答的TIC可能与间质中邻近的细胞(可能是“TIC niches”细胞)建立了特定的相互作用,以维持富含TGF-β的微环境,而这种相互作用可能是通过TIC发送的特定信号分子实现的。

为了验证上述假设,找到可能的分子,研究人员通过流式细胞荧光分选技术(FACS)纯化出TGF-β阳性和阴性的肿瘤基底细胞,并通过RNA测序比较它们的转录组差异。结果发现了一连串参与抗氧化反应的NRF2靶基因(NRF2介导的抗氧化反应是TGF-β应答的TIC的特点之一),其中IL-33基因在TGF-β应答的肿瘤细胞中显着高表达,而肿瘤细胞中TGF-β受体的缺失与IL-33的减少显着相关,表明TGF-β信号参与了SCC中IL-33的上调。进一步实验证实IL-33在肿瘤上皮细胞高度表达,而这也是TGF-β应答的TIC细胞群的主要来源。

随后,研究人员开始寻找触发TGF-β应答的肿瘤细胞释放IL-33的原因。在正常情况下,IL-33储存于细胞核中,而在细胞损伤时可作为警报细胞因子被释放进细胞外空间。研究发现,在肿瘤逐渐发展为侵袭性SCC的过程中,在角蛋白5阳性(K5+)的肿瘤基底细胞中,IL-33逐渐在胞质中显现。同时,TGF-β应答的肿瘤细胞的IL-33的胞浆定位更为常见,提示IL-33可能优先从邻近间质中的TGF-β应答的TIC中释放出来。进一步的小鼠和人类SCC组织实验以及体外实验证实,NRF2介导的抗氧化反应在TGF-β应答的TIC中被激活,从而促进了IL-33的细胞外释放。

更进一步的,研究发现,IL-33敲低的肿瘤表现出生长不良、分化良好。同时,与对照肿瘤相比,IL-33敲低的肿瘤上皮细胞中的TGF-β阳性的细胞明显减少,但并不影响TGF-β诱导的SMAD2磷酸化和细胞抑制反应,提示IL-33敲低导致的TGF-β信号降低是一种非细胞自主性效应,而是由于缺乏TGF-β富集的肿瘤微环境造成的。此外,在给予肿瘤化疗药物顺铂治疗后,实验结果显示对照肿瘤在3周内复发,而IL-33敲低的肿瘤则没有再长出来。由此表明,肿瘤源性IL-33在产生TGF-β应答TIC中起着重要作用,这种反应促进了SCC的侵袭性进展和耐药性。

深入研究发现,高亲和力IgE受体Fc?RIα阳性(Fc?RIα+)细胞作为肿瘤相关的巨噬细胞,可以在TIC附近创造一个空间上不同且富含TGF-β的肿瘤微环境。其具体机制表现为TIC释放的IL-33增加了邻近间质中Fc?RIα+ TGF-β+巨噬细胞的密度,主要是未成熟的髓样细胞可通过IL-33独立的机制被招募到肿瘤组织中,而IL-33在TIC微环境中作为一个短距离提示,可通过ST2-NFκB信号通路诱导未成熟的髓样细胞分化成Fc?RIα+巨噬细胞,从而激活TGF-β信号的旁分泌,促进上皮细胞的侵袭性进展。

综上所述,本文提出了一个“TIC niches”相互作用正反馈模型。TIC固有的NRF2介导的抗氧化反应触发TGF-β应答TIC中IL-33向细胞外的释放,从而通过在其附近富集Fc?RIα+巨噬细胞来诱导富含TGF-β的肿瘤微环境(图2)。这种自我强化的“TIC niches”信号环路被证明是人类SCC侵袭性进展和耐药性的关键驱动因素,从而为癌症治疗提供了新的靶点。

原始出处:

Sachiko Taniguchi, Ajit Elhance, Avery Van Duzer,et al.Tumor-initiating cells establish an IL-33-TGF-β niche signaling loop to promote cancer progression.Science. 2020 Jul 17;369(6501):eaay1813. doi: 10.1126/science.aay1813.

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    2020-08-06 独孤立克

    干细胞是热点,但是进入临床仍然需要时间和临床疗效验证哦

    0

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    2020-08-05 ms3000000449926787

    占沙发

    0

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    2020-08-05 lsndxfj
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    2020-08-05 jichang
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