Science:HIV病毒超强变异,为艾滋病进程开倍速

2022-02-27 “中国生物技术网”公众号 “中国生物技术网”公众号

多年来,人们一直担心HIV-1会出现变异的情况,而一项新研究似乎证实了这种可能性。

众所周知,艾滋病毒(HIV)是一种能攻击人体免疫系统的逆转录病毒,它会大量攻击并破坏人体免疫系统中最重要的CD4+ T淋巴细胞,使患者经过数年,甚至10年以上的潜伏期后发展成艾滋病(AIDS)患者,最终丧失免疫功能。

艾滋病毒(HIV)分为两个主要类型,即HIV-1HIV-2。前者的毒性更强,感染了全球绝大多数病例。数据显示,HIV-1影响了全球超过3800万人,并在40年来夺走了3300万人的生命。多年来,人们一直担心HIV-1会出现变异的情况,而一项新研究似乎证实了这种可能性。

北京时间24日凌晨,发表在Science上的一项最新研究中,来自英国牛津大学领导的大型国际研究团队在荷兰发现了一种更具侵袭性的HIV变异毒株,与HIV-1原始毒株相比,它能使感染者以两倍的速度发展成艾滋病(图1)。

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1 研究成果(图源:Science

研究人员强调,由于这种新的HIV变异毒株具有更高的毒性,如果不及早发现,有可能是致命的。这种毒力更强且传播速度更快的毒株被命名为HIV-1亚型病毒(VB)。研究人员表示,VB还可能会对新冠肺炎产生影响,因为持续的变异不断助长了仍在进行的新冠大流行。

在这项新研究中,研究人员调查了连接HIV在欧洲的流行病学和演化项目BEEHIVE),该项目仍在进行中,旨在揭示HIV基因组与疾病严重程度的关系。研究人员在欧洲和乌干达8个队列收集的样本中发现了17HIV-1阳性者感染了VB变异毒株。由于这些病例中有15例来自荷兰,研究人员随后分析了来自6706名荷兰HIV感染者队列的数据,从而确定了荷兰另外92个病例,使总病例数达到109个。

通过进一步分析,研究人员发现:感染VB患者的病毒载量比HIV-1原始毒株高出3.55.5倍。这意味着,他们更有可能将病毒传播给其他人(图2)。

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研究成果(图源:Science

感染VB变异株的人免疫系统中CD4+ T细胞迅速减少,减少的速度是原始毒株的两倍。当患者被诊断出感染VB变异毒株时,他们在两到三年内就很容易全面发展成艾滋病。所有这些变异毒株都以相同的方式在人与人之间传播,如无保护措施的性行为和共用针头。这表明,VB会比HIV-1毒株传播速度更快,传染性更强。

此外,感染VB的患者表现出荷兰其他HIV感染者的典型特征,包括年龄、性别和传播方式。这表明病毒传染性的增加是由于病毒本身的特性,而不是病毒携带者的不同行为。对遗传模式的分析表明,VB变异毒株在上世纪90年代初在荷兰发展起来,到了2000年,它比其他变异毒株的传播速度更快,但自2010年以来,感染VB的病例一直在减少。这或许意味着,VB似乎不是一个公共卫生危机(图3)。

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图片

研究成果(图源:Science

该研究第一作者、牛津大学李嘉诚健康威廉亚洲官网 与研发中心的Chris Wymant博士说:"在这项研究之前,人们知道艾滋病病毒的遗传学与毒力有关,这意味着进化出新的变异毒株可能会改变它对人体健康的影响。VB变异毒株的出现证明了这一点,它为病毒毒力进化所带来的风险提供了一个罕见的例子。"

该研究通讯作者、牛津大学纳菲尔德医学系惠康人类遗传学中心Christophe Fraser教授说:"williamhill asia 的研究结果强调了世界卫生组织威廉亚洲博彩公司 的重要性,即有感染HIV风险的个体应该定期检测,以便进行早期诊断,发现病毒后立即治疗,从而限制了HIV损害个体免疫系统和危害其健康的时间。这也确保了艾滋病毒尽快得到抑制,从而防止传染给其他个人。

作者们表示,尽管有广泛的治疗和有关艾滋病毒的科普宣传,VB变异毒株还是出现了,它可能会对此前有效抑制病毒传播的药物产生影响。令人欣慰的是,在开始治疗后,免疫系统恢复和病毒存活率与涉及其他HIV毒株的情况类似。然而,研究人员强调,VB会导致免疫系统强度更快速的减弱,这使得个体在感染后接受早期诊断和治疗变得至关重要。进一步研究了解这些机制可以为下一代抗逆转录病毒药物揭示新的靶点。

研究人员还指出,VB在其整个基因组中显示出许多突变。单一的遗传原因在现阶段还不清楚。未参与这项研究的美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校Joel Wertheim教授认为,不应该为此感到恐慌。

图片

研究成果(图源:Science

他在同期的观点文章中写道:观察到毒力和传染性更强的变异毒株出现,并不代表公共卫生危机。williamhill asia 不要忘记2005年对超级艾滋病的过度反应,当时在纽约发现了进展迅速、对多种药物具有耐药性的HIV感染,但最终证明那些只是个例。

参考资料:

[1]Wymant C, Bezemer D, Blanquart F, et al. A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands. Science. 2022 Feb 4;375(6580):540-545. doi: 10.1126/science.abk1688. Epub 2022 Feb 3. PMID: 35113714.

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    2022-03-01 jichang
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    2022-03-01 ms1000001337797820

    😍😍😍

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    2022-02-28 查查佳佳

    镜见杓间区、左侧杓部、双侧室带

    0

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全球首例!女性艾滋病“治愈”者出现

十四个月过后,她仍未有复发迹象...

艾滋病可被治愈?艾滋病疫苗离williamhill asia 有多远

含有CCR5突变基因的骨髓移植或适用于不同种族不同性别,且同时患艾滋病和血癌的患者治疗。三个艾滋病治愈案例,虽提供了HIV可治愈的概念证明,但不是治愈HIV的可行大规模策略。

Nature Medicine:令人兴奋:IL-15超级激动剂治疗艾滋病的1期临床结果发布

HIV病毒是一种逆转录病毒,针对HIV病毒的逆转录过程开发的抗逆转录病毒疗法(ART),让艾滋病患者得以长期生存,但该疗法并不能完全清除患者体内的HIV病毒,需要坚持终生长期服药。

AIDS:依洛尤单抗对HIV和血脂异常患者的长期影响

近日,一项发表在AIDS杂志上的研究显示,

世界第三例艾滋病治愈患者出现?干细胞移植后她体内的HIV消失了

这项基因编辑是在成体造血干细胞上进行的,因此并不会对其他组织器官及生殖系统产生影响。