颌骨及上颌窦Burkitt淋巴瘤1例

2019-06-28 王盼盼 王宇帆 杨宏宇 中国口腔颌面外科杂志

男,5岁,2017年8月因右下颌骨囊肿开窗引流1个月余,右下颌骨囊肿收入院。患者1个月前因右侧后牙区肿胀伴牙松动于外院拔除85,囊肿开窗引流,碘仿纱条填塞,术后未见明显好转。患儿家属否认家族中有类似发病史。专科检查:右侧下颌角肿胀明显,表面皮肤颜色及皮温均正常。

1.病例报告
 
男,5岁,2017年8月因右下颌骨囊肿开窗引流1个月余,右下颌骨囊肿收入院。患者1个月前因右侧后牙区肿胀伴牙松动于外院拔除85,囊肿开窗引流,碘仿纱条填塞,术后未见明显好转。患儿家属否认家族中有类似发病史。专科检查:右侧下颌角肿胀明显,表面皮肤颜色及皮温均正常。
 
口内检查84远中可见碘仿纱条样填塞物,颊侧牙龈可见一肿块,边界清晰,大小约3.0 cm×1.5 cm,轻微触痛,无出血、破溃;右侧下颌骨体部可触及明显骨质膨隆,大小约7.0 cm×1.5 cm,轻微触压痛,可触及乒乓球样感;颌面部及双侧颈部、锁骨上窝未触及明显肿大淋巴结。实验室及辅助检查:胸片、腹部B超、血常规及生化全项未见明显异常,心电图正常。
 
影像学检查:锥形束CT(CBCT)及曲面体层示双侧下颌骨大范围低密度影(图1)。CT颌面部平扫见双侧下颌骨大范围低密度区,边界尚清,边缘未见明显强化,病变呈膨胀性改变,局部皮质骨变薄、不完整,呈虫蛀状,以右侧下颌角为明显,病变包绕部分未萌恒牙及部分乳牙牙根;左侧上颌磨牙处可见一单房囊性低密度区,周围骨质呈膨胀改变,突入左侧上颌窦,局部皮质骨变薄,不完整(图2)。


图1 曲面体层片显示双侧下颌骨大范围低密度影


图2 颌面部CT平扫+三维重建可见病变波及双侧下颌骨、左侧上颌骨及左侧上颌窦
 
2.结果
 
全麻下行右下颌骨肿物活检术,术中取右下颌骨缺损处肿物送病理检查。病理报告为Burkitt淋巴瘤。镜下见弥漫分布的淋巴样细胞,散在胞质空亮的巨噬细胞,呈星空样(图3)。免疫组织化学染色:CD20(+),CD10(+),Bcl-6(+),CD21(-),Bcl-2(-),C-myc(约60%+),TdT(-),Ki-67(>90%+)(图4)。原位杂交EBER(-),荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测到MYC基因分离重排(+)(图5)。诊断为颌骨及上颌窦多发Burkitt淋巴瘤。向家属交代病情后,家属要求转外院进行化疗。
 

图3 常规病理切片示弥漫分布的淋巴样细胞和散在胞质空亮的巨噬细胞,呈典型的“满天星”表现
 

图4 免疫组织化学染色显示CD20(A)、Ki67(B)、Bcl-6(C)、 cmyc(D)均为阳性(×200)


图5 荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测到MYC基因分离重排(+)
 
3.讨论
 
3.1临床特征
 
Burkitt淋巴瘤最早由DenisBurkitt于1958年在非洲描述并命名,是一种倍增时间特别短的B细胞淋巴瘤,倍增时间为24~48h,好发于淋巴结外或以急性白血病的形式出现。根据WHO(2008)淋巴造血组织肿瘤分类标准,Burkitt淋巴瘤可分为3种临床变异型,即地方性、散发性和免疫缺陷相关性Burkitt淋巴瘤,每一型都有不同的临床表现、形态学和生物学特点。
 
淋巴结外是最常受累的部位,3种临床变异型均可累及中枢神经。地方性Burkitt淋巴瘤好发于中非一带,又名非洲淋巴瘤,是该地区儿童最常见的恶性肿瘤,与EBV感染高度相关(>96%相关),发病高峰3~8岁,男女比2∶1,约50%累及颌骨和面部骨(眶)。散发性Burkitt淋巴瘤见于世界各地,主要发生在儿童和青年,发病率低,且不常累及颌骨。免疫缺陷相关性Burkitt淋巴瘤与HIV感染有关,多发生于AIDS患者,此型25%~40%有EBV感染,常累及骨髓和淋巴结。
 
颌骨病损一般发生在颌骨后部,常累及所有4个象限,上颌骨较下颌骨多见。肿瘤快速生长,可形成巨大肿块而使面部变形。上颌肿瘤可扩散至上颌窦、鼻腔和眶。受累牙可松动、移位或脱落。X线片可表现为虫蛀状,边缘不清,骨皮质穿破后可累及软组织。
 
3.2诊断与鉴别诊断
 
3.2.1诊断
 
Burkitt淋巴瘤的确诊主要依赖于组织病理学特征和免疫表型。典型的Burkitt淋巴瘤细胞单型一致,中等大小,弥漫浸润,固定后细胞可呈铺路石或镶嵌样排列。胞质深嗜碱性,常伴有脂质空泡,可见瘤细胞间较明显的吞噬核碎片的巨噬细胞形成的“满天星”现象。Burkitt淋巴瘤细胞呈高增殖率和高自然死亡率,故细胞核分裂象和凋亡细胞多见,为形态学特征之一。免疫表型:主要表达轻链限制性的膜IgM和B细胞相关抗原(如CD19、CD20、CD22、CD79a)、CD10、BCL-6,而CD5、CD23、TdT、BCL-2一般为阴性。CD21(C3d受体)在地方性Burkitt淋巴瘤为阳性,在散发性Burkitt淋巴瘤则为阴性。
 
3.2.2鉴别诊断
 
Burkitt淋巴瘤主要应与其他高度恶性B细胞淋巴瘤鉴别,如弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B cell lymphoma,DLBCL)。DLBCL多发于老年男性,来源于生发中心外活化细胞的弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,CD10和bcl-6可阴性。组织学上,Burkitt淋巴瘤具有“满天星”的特征性表现,并且较弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤具有更多的核分裂象和凋亡小体,当Ki-67近100%时倾向于诊断为Burkitt淋巴瘤。两者在基因型上均可表现为C-myc基因易位,染色体检查提示DLBCL中C-myc基因与非IgH位点易位,并且此易位可能是继发于BCL-2、BCL-6表达失调之后,而Burkitt淋巴瘤80%的 cmyc基因易位为IgH位点易位。
 
3.3治疗及预后
 
地方性和散发性Burkitt淋巴瘤都具有高度侵袭性,但也具有潜在的可治愈性。手术切除肿块往往不完全,难以根除亚临床病灶,常因术后迅速复发而使治疗失败,局部放疗效果不佳且易引起严重并发症,如颌骨坏死、肠穿孔等。Burkitt淋巴瘤对化疗高度敏感,因此早期诊断后应采用以化疗为主的治疗方案,包括使用大剂量烷化剂,短疗程、高强度联合化疗。另外,近年来造血干细胞移植治疗Burkitt淋巴瘤取得了一定发展,但移植后的并发症无法预计。
 
短时间高强度的联合化疗可使分期低的病例治愈率达到90%,进展期(晚期)病例达到60%~80%,儿童的治疗效果优于成人。复发常发生在诊断后1年内,患者2年不复发可视为治愈,少数患者也可发生第2个淋巴瘤。发生于颌骨的Burkitt淋巴瘤非常少见,由于其发展迅速,侵袭性高,预后差,临床医师应提高警惕,结合相关病史及临床特征,做好诊断与鉴别诊断;确诊后,应尽早化疗,以提高患者生存率。
 
原始出处:

王盼盼,王宇帆,杨宏宇.颌骨及上颌窦Burkitt淋巴瘤1例报告及文献复习[J].中国口腔颌面外科杂志,2018(04):382-384.

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    2019-06-30 shuangle
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    2019-06-29 百草

    666

    0

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