GENETICS:最恐怖食肉动物的基因突变可抑癌!或是未来人类的“救星”!

2020-08-11 竹子 转化医学网

导言:癌症一般不会传染,但袋獾的面部肿瘤病却因为近亲繁殖,导致了相互传播。之前就有研究表明,袋獾的奶是抵抗超级细菌的关键,如今一项新研究又显示出其基因突变对癌症的作用,未来袋獾将极有可能是人类的“救星

导言:癌症一般不会传染,但袋獾的面部肿瘤病却因为近亲繁殖,导致了相互传播。据估计,若这种癌症继续发展下去,它们将在25年内灭绝。但经研究人员验证,袋獾已对这种癌症产生了抵抗力,原因在于基因突变。之前就有研究表明,袋獾的奶是抵抗超级细菌的关键,如今一项新研究又显示出其基因突变对癌症的作用,未来袋獾将极有可能是人类的“救星”。

在澳洲东南部的塔斯马尼亚岛上生活着一群袋獾,小巧可爱,却由于凶恶的面相和食腐的习性,被人们称为“塔斯马尼亚恶魔”(Tasmanian Devil)。一度因其撕咬力超过凶猛的狮子,成了最恐怖的食肉动物。而实际上,在澳大利亚的研究机构,在与科研人员长久接触,并确定他们并无恶意后,袋獾们就会安静下来,甚至还会侧过身体,享受来自人类的爱抚。

20多年来,面部肿瘤病(DFTD)对袋獾种群造成了严重破坏。DFTD是一种通过咬伤传播的可传播癌症。袋獾在争夺伴侣和食物时经常互相撕咬,然后实体瘤会在面部或颈部周围生长,甚至会破坏颚骨的,在6至24个月后就会死亡。但是在过去的几年中,袋獾对感染有了耐受性,甚至有了抵抗力。

为了应证推断,来自美国、澳大利亚等国的研究人员对袋獾进行了基因测序,并将结果与袋獾面部肿瘤病出现前的袋獾的基因序列进行比较。结果表明,目前生活的袋獾有七个基因发生了变异,其中五个与癌症或者免疫系统有关。研究人员推测,这些基因突变很可能帮助袋獾更好地抵御袋獾面部肿瘤病。


袋獾对面部癌症病非常易感。自1996年以来,袋獾的数量足足下降了80%,几乎所有的数目减少都可以归因于这种疾病造成的死亡。

美国华盛顿州立大学(WSU)和西雅图的弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心的科学家最近进行的一项研究发现,袋獾的单一基因突变可导致面部肿瘤病(DFTD)生长减少,为人类的前列腺癌和结肠癌等癌症的治疗提供新的见解。他们的发现最近发表在《遗传学》杂志上。

由WSU生物科学教授安德鲁·斯托弗(Andrew Storfer)博士和WSU生物科学教授马克·马格里斯(Mark Margres)博士领导的研究人员,研究揭示人类癌症患者未经治疗的自发性肿瘤消退的具体机制。他们利用比较和功能基因组学来识别与肿瘤消退相关的肿瘤遗传变异,结果证明在假定的肿瘤抑制因子RASL11A的5'非翻译区中的单点突变明显促进了肿瘤的消退。

他们发现,单一的基因突变会导致DFTD的生长减少。该基因与人类前列腺癌和结肠癌有关。虽然这些发现给拯救世上为数不多的袋獾带来了最直接的希望,但这些结果有朝一日也可能为人类健康作出贡献。

细节决定成败

令研究人员惊讶的是,在实验室中观察到,导致肿瘤消退的突变并没有改变基因功能,而是开启了一个能减缓肿瘤细胞生长的基因,RAS基因。RAS基因突变驱动大约三分之一的人类癌症,包括高比例的胰腺癌、肺癌和大肠癌。

研究人员使用全基因组测序,在假定的抑癌基因RASL11A调控区中,确定了回归肿瘤与非回归肿瘤之间的近乎固定的基因型差异。然后,他们使用转录组学方法证明了RASL11A在野生型、非退化性肿瘤中沉默,但在退化性肿瘤中被激活,这与基因型数据以及RASL11A在人前列腺癌和结肠癌中的表达一致。最后,他们使用细胞增殖测定法显示,在所研究的四种肿瘤细胞系中的三种中,RASL11A的活化显着地影响了体外癌细胞的增殖。RAS途径在人类癌症中经常发生变化,RASL11A的活化可能为袋獾提供一种治疗选择,并为抑制肿瘤提供了一般机制。

弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心的癌症生物学家戴维·霍肯伯里(David Hockenbery)指出,当前的人类癌症治疗方法通常是通过有毒或使人衰弱的治疗方法来清除肿瘤的每一个痕迹。如果有某种方法可以使肿瘤在不进行细胞毒性药物治疗或变形手术的情况下消退,那将是一个重大进步。

袋獾未来可能会拯救人类

此前,澳洲科学家发现,袋獾的奶(又被称为“魔鬼牛乳”)里所含的肽,可以杀死例如金黄色葡萄球菌等致命的超级细菌。魔鬼牛乳中的肽来自于一种称为“毒蕈硷”的抗菌家族,是一种天然抗生素。悉尼大学的研究人员扫描袋獾的基因组后发现了6种天然的抗菌肽,在将之提炼出来、人工复制而用于实验中后发现,该物质杀死了几个目前已知对人类极为致命的病毒。

而如今,这项新发现突出了RASL11A是抑制肿瘤的天然机制和癌症治疗中的潜在靶点。尽管这种疾病在很大程度上是致命的,但研究人员看到的是越来越多的个体动物中的肿瘤消失了。他们也希望在退化的肿瘤中发现其他有希望的突变的影响,并学习一些可以用于理解和治疗许多人类癌症的知识。

原始出处:

Mark J. Margres, Manuel Ruiz-Aravena, Rodrigo Hamede, et.al. Spontaneous Tumor Regression in Tasmanian Devils Associated with RASL11A Activation. GENETICS August 1, 2020 vol. 215 no. 4 1143-1152;

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    2020-10-28 canlab
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1686348, encodeId=6c241686348d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=66f3e93862' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Genet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7938, encryptionId=66f3e93862, topicName=Genet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d3e128296421, createdName=江川靖瑶, createdTime=Sun Nov 01 12:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1640676, encodeId=e54b16406e60c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd575494e5e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54947, encryptionId=fd575494e5e, topicName=抑癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=35f822706827, createdName=jingyanzhu715_39486108, createdTime=Fri Jan 22 15:41:29 CST 2021, time=2021-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1734246, encodeId=7ae01e3424657, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d4f412668a4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12668, encryptionId=d4f412668a4, topicName=NET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7ea033781210, createdName=canlab, createdTime=Wed Oct 28 09:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2049322, encodeId=fe2b2049322c4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4363e929ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Gene#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7929, encryptionId=4363e929ad, topicName=Gene)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=63a4277, createdName=cy0324, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 12:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1878024, encodeId=440018e802470, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5d80e943ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Genetics#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7943, encryptionId=5d80e943ef, topicName=Genetics)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ca89104, createdName=huperzia, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 21:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807910, encodeId=19bf80e91099, content=不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fb0e5409255, createdName=ms4000000431296280, createdTime=Wed Aug 12 11:18:02 CST 2020, time=2020-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807421, encodeId=79fe80e42191, content=不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fb0e5409255, createdName=ms4000000431296280, createdTime=Tue Aug 11 08:44:50 CST 2020, time=2020-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-12-03 cy0324
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1686348, encodeId=6c241686348d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=66f3e93862' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Genet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7938, encryptionId=66f3e93862, topicName=Genet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d3e128296421, createdName=江川靖瑶, createdTime=Sun Nov 01 12:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1640676, encodeId=e54b16406e60c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd575494e5e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54947, encryptionId=fd575494e5e, topicName=抑癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=35f822706827, createdName=jingyanzhu715_39486108, createdTime=Fri Jan 22 15:41:29 CST 2021, time=2021-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1734246, encodeId=7ae01e3424657, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d4f412668a4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12668, encryptionId=d4f412668a4, topicName=NET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7ea033781210, createdName=canlab, createdTime=Wed Oct 28 09:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2049322, encodeId=fe2b2049322c4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4363e929ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Gene#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7929, encryptionId=4363e929ad, topicName=Gene)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=63a4277, createdName=cy0324, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 12:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1878024, encodeId=440018e802470, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5d80e943ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Genetics#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7943, encryptionId=5d80e943ef, topicName=Genetics)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ca89104, createdName=huperzia, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 21:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807910, encodeId=19bf80e91099, content=不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fb0e5409255, createdName=ms4000000431296280, createdTime=Wed Aug 12 11:18:02 CST 2020, time=2020-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807421, encodeId=79fe80e42191, content=不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fb0e5409255, createdName=ms4000000431296280, createdTime=Tue Aug 11 08:44:50 CST 2020, time=2020-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-12-28 huperzia
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1686348, encodeId=6c241686348d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=66f3e93862' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Genet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7938, encryptionId=66f3e93862, topicName=Genet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d3e128296421, createdName=江川靖瑶, createdTime=Sun Nov 01 12:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1640676, encodeId=e54b16406e60c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd575494e5e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54947, encryptionId=fd575494e5e, topicName=抑癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=35f822706827, createdName=jingyanzhu715_39486108, createdTime=Fri Jan 22 15:41:29 CST 2021, time=2021-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1734246, encodeId=7ae01e3424657, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d4f412668a4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12668, encryptionId=d4f412668a4, topicName=NET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7ea033781210, createdName=canlab, createdTime=Wed Oct 28 09:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2049322, encodeId=fe2b2049322c4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4363e929ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Gene#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7929, encryptionId=4363e929ad, topicName=Gene)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=63a4277, createdName=cy0324, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 12:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1878024, encodeId=440018e802470, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5d80e943ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Genetics#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7943, encryptionId=5d80e943ef, topicName=Genetics)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ca89104, createdName=huperzia, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 21:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807910, encodeId=19bf80e91099, content=不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fb0e5409255, createdName=ms4000000431296280, createdTime=Wed Aug 12 11:18:02 CST 2020, time=2020-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807421, encodeId=79fe80e42191, content=不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fb0e5409255, createdName=ms4000000431296280, createdTime=Tue Aug 11 08:44:50 CST 2020, time=2020-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-08-12 ms4000000431296280

    不错

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1686348, encodeId=6c241686348d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=66f3e93862' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Genet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7938, encryptionId=66f3e93862, topicName=Genet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d3e128296421, createdName=江川靖瑶, createdTime=Sun Nov 01 12:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1640676, encodeId=e54b16406e60c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd575494e5e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54947, encryptionId=fd575494e5e, topicName=抑癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=35f822706827, createdName=jingyanzhu715_39486108, createdTime=Fri Jan 22 15:41:29 CST 2021, time=2021-01-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1734246, encodeId=7ae01e3424657, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d4f412668a4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#NET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12668, encryptionId=d4f412668a4, topicName=NET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7ea033781210, createdName=canlab, createdTime=Wed Oct 28 09:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2049322, encodeId=fe2b2049322c4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4363e929ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Gene#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7929, encryptionId=4363e929ad, topicName=Gene)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=63a4277, createdName=cy0324, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 12:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1878024, encodeId=440018e802470, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5d80e943ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Genetics#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7943, encryptionId=5d80e943ef, topicName=Genetics)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ca89104, createdName=huperzia, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 21:41:29 CST 2020, time=2020-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807910, encodeId=19bf80e91099, content=不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fb0e5409255, createdName=ms4000000431296280, createdTime=Wed Aug 12 11:18:02 CST 2020, time=2020-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807421, encodeId=79fe80e42191, content=不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fb0e5409255, createdName=ms4000000431296280, createdTime=Tue Aug 11 08:44:50 CST 2020, time=2020-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-08-11 ms4000000431296280

    不错

    0

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