工具变量(instrumental variable)理论与因果推断

2014-06-27 丁鹏 统计之都

="mo">∑ni=1(Di–D¯)2. 上面的估计式也是通常的最小二乘解,这里只是换了一个推导方式。如果将 (1) 看成一个数据生成的机制,在假定 (2) 下williamhill asia 的确可以估计出因果作用 β. 二 内生性和工具变量 问题的关键是假定 (2) 很多时候并不成立(cov(Di,εi)≠0),比如,吸烟的人群和不吸烟的人群本身很不相同,参加工作培训的人可能比不参加工作培训的人有更强的找工作动机,等

为了介绍工具变量,williamhill asia 首先要从线性模型出发。毫无疑问,线性模型是理论和应用统计(包括计量经济学和流行病学等)最重要的工具;对线性模型的深刻理解,可以说就是对一大半统计理论的理解。下面的第一部分先对线性模型,尤其是线性模型背后的假设做一个回顾。  一 线性回归和最小二乘法  线性模型和最小二乘的理论起源于高斯的天文学研究,“回归”(regression)这个名字则是 Francis Galton 在研究优生学的时候提出来的。为了描述的方便,williamhill asia 假定回归的自变量只有一维,比如个体 i 是否接受某种处理(吸烟与否;参加某个工作;等等),记为 Di。 回归的因变量也是一维,表示williamhill asia 关心的结果(是否有肺癌;是否找到工作培训与否;等等),记为 Yi。假定williamhill asia 的研究中有 n 个个体,下面的线性模型用于描述 D 和 Y 之间的“关系”:  Yi=α+βDi+εi,i=1,⋯,n.(1) 一般情形下,williamhill asia 假定个体间是独立的。模型虽简单,williamhill asia 还是有必要做一些解释。首先,williamhill asia 这里的讨论都假定 Di 是随机变量,对应统计学中的随机设计 (random design)的情形;这和

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    2024-07-17 ms8000000761046146 来自安徽
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    2015-05-14 drj2003
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    2015-04-11 lixiaol
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