系统性红斑狼疮非特异性表现的识别

2022-08-27 网络 网络

提高对各种各样“不寻常”的临床表现的认识,有助于早期识别和鉴别隐匿性SLE。

系统性红斑狼疮SLE)是一种全身性自身免疫性疾病,病变可累及皮肤、黏膜、关节、心血管、肺、血液、消化道、肝脏、肾脏、浆膜等全身各个系统和器官。一般而言,患者较为常见的临床表现是皮肤黏膜损害,部分患者为首发症状,典型的特征表现为蝶形红斑和盘状红斑。

然而早期疾病可能表现出非特异性表现,从而导致一定程度的漏诊、误诊。提高对各种各样不寻常的临床表现的认识,有助于早期识别和鉴别隐匿性SLE

肺部表现

在伴有浆膜炎的SLE患者中,40.7%的患者以胸膜炎/胸腔积液或心包积液为首发表现,即便这些表现已被纳入SLE的分类标准,但仍然容易造成诊断困难。实际上,呼吸系统的组成部分均可能参与SLE,肺血管疾病和间质性肺病的表现尤为明显。

肺部血栓栓塞和/肺动脉高压可能是抗磷脂综合征的首要临床表现,随后可进展为SLE急性狼疮性肺炎可能表现为社区获得性感染性肺炎或无法治愈的肺炎,甚至恶化为急性呼吸衰竭目前,由于其典型的双侧肺浸润和相关低氧血症,可能与COVID-19流感肺炎相混淆,但治疗方法完全不同,对此需要高度怀疑和谨慎鉴别。

弥漫性肺泡出血患者出现呼吸困难、咳嗽和咯血,伴有双侧肺泡浸润,影像学上常伴有胸腔积液。这种十分危急的综合征死亡率超过50%,为20%-45%的SLE患者的初始表现。此外,肺容量减少和喉返神经麻痹是SLE初始表现为呼吸困难的其他罕见原因。

心脏表现

目前,公认心血管疾病SLE患者发病率、过早动脉粥样硬化和死亡率的重要原因。SLE的分类标准仅包括心包炎,通常无症状,超声心动图可检测到。注意常见的系统性和多器官症状、非甾体抗炎药/秋水仙碱的不完全应答以及实验室检查结果,如血细胞减少、尿液分析异常和存在多种自身抗体,可确定狼疮性心包炎。心脏压塞可能是SLE的一种罕见的危及生命的表现。狼疮性心肌炎患者中,超过25%的患者以急性狼疮性心肌炎(±心包炎)为SLE的初始表现,并且可导致急性心力衰竭和心律失常。 

此外,完全房室传导阻滞、急性冠状动脉血栓形成±抗磷脂综合征、Libman-Sacks心内膜炎等罕见的早期狼疮初始表现也有报道。

胃肠道表现

除了频繁、无痛的口腔溃疡外,其他胃肠道症状未被纳入SLE的分类标准。假性肠梗阻是一种类似机械性肠梗阻的肠动力低下疾病,虽然罕见,但在多个病例报告中均有描述,通常发生在疾病早期。胃肠道症状还可能有多种形式,如伴发输尿管肾积水、巨胆总管症、食管动力障碍、胃排空障碍(罕见),这些表现可能提示患者全身平滑肌炎症损伤和功能障碍。

在多篇报道中,非结石胆囊炎和引起腹痛、呕吐急性胰腺炎也是SLE的临床表现,尽管多数病例发生在已确诊的SLE患者中。但是,当无法明确其他病因时,应考虑SLE,尤其是存在提示病史的年轻女性。

自身免疫性肝炎是一种罕见的疾病,可导致黄疸作为SLE的初始表现。半数SLE患者中,以严重水肿/低蛋白血症为特征的蛋白丢失性肠病是初始表现。狼疮性肠系膜血管炎通常导致小肠血管血栓形成,在早期SLE中非常罕见,可引起肠炎、腹痛和腹泻

血液系统表现

血小板减少、协同活性和补体减少与未来SLE风险增加相关。免疫性血小板减少症也可能提示SLE5年内确诊率约为5%,尤其是抗核抗体阳性人群。

由温型抗体介导的自身免疫性溶血性贫血也可能是SLE的首发症状,5年的确诊率约为17.3%,主要是50岁以下的女性。SLE的其他罕见但值得关注的血液学表现包括血栓性微血管病综合征、噬血细胞综合征、类似淋巴瘤或菊池病的全身淋巴结病等。

神经系统表现

SLE潜在的神经和精神表现范围广泛、多样、常见,从轻度(如轻度认知缺陷或情绪障碍)到重度(如视神经脊髓炎)。早期SLE患者的心境障碍更为广泛,但往往很难确定其病因。癫痫发作相对常见,也是近三分之一SLE患者的初始表现。

报告的其他罕见初始表现还包括颅神经麻痹(孤立神经IIIVI)、无菌性脑膜炎、特发性颅内高压和小脑共济失调等。 

皮肤表现 

典型的皮肤粘膜狼疮表现,如口腔/鼻溃疡、盘状皮疹、脱发,已被纳入分类标准。然而,SLE还可能引起各种不寻常的皮肤表现,如狼疮性脂膜炎、狼疮性乳腺炎

眼部表现

SLE的眼部受累表现未纳入分类标准,但实际上较为常见,并且通常提示疾病活动。干燥性角结膜炎可先于SLE发病数年(平均4年),或可同时发展。SLE患者也可出现急性发作性视力丧失,这是由于血管炎阻塞视神经小血管(视神经病变)或脱髓鞘(视神经炎)。其他值得注意的眼部表现包括可能由免疫复合物沉积、血管炎、血栓形成和/抗磷脂抗体引起的各种形式的视网膜血管炎。 

内分泌表现

严重的高钙血症是SLE的罕见表现,目前其发病机制尚不清楚。自身免疫性甲状腺疾病也可能与SLE有关。但是由于自身免疫性甲状腺疾病在女性中很常见,与SLE共存多被认为是两种自身免疫疾病的关联,而不是一种临床表现。

其他表现

除上述各器官/系统表现外,SLE患者还可能表现为长期发热、体重减轻或疲劳等。还可以声带小结引起的嘶哑、鼻溃疡、腮腺炎或继发性干燥综合征为首发表现。

总之,由于SLE早期可能表现出非特异性表现,提高对各种各样不寻常的临床表现的认识,无疑有助于早期识别和鉴别隐匿性SLE,进而在一定程度上减少SLE的误诊、漏诊。

参考文献:

1】汪涛,崔勇,张学军. 系统性红斑狼疮的皮肤外临床表现[J]. 实用皮肤病学杂志,2013(4):215-218.

2Schattner A. Unusual Presentations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: a Narrative Review[J]. Am J Med. 2022 Jun 4:S0002-9343(22)00431-4.

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    2022-08-31 ms2000001843522165

    学习

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    2022-08-27 ms5000000518166734

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    2022-08-24 ms4000001779351440

    学习

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    2022-08-25 zhouqu_8
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    2022-08-23 zwddoctor

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