世界阿尔茨海默病日|无法治愈的疾病,该如何预防?

2021-09-22 Dr.Wu彤 MedSci原创

​失智症又名认知障碍症、认知症、痴呆症,包括常见的老年痴呆即阿尔茨海默病,这是一种高致残率、高死亡率的神经退行性疾病,随着病情发展,患者失忆、失智、失能,且伴有精神行为异常,病情可能持续8-20年

失智症又名认知障碍症、认知症、痴呆症,包括常见的老年痴呆即阿尔茨海默病,这是一种高致残率、高死亡率的神经退行性疾病,随着病情发展,患者失忆、失智、失能,且伴有精神行为异常,病情可能持续8-20年,其发病原因复杂,目前尚无法治愈,但能通过药物、康复等手段延缓病情发展,改善患者生活质量。

 

据统计,我国约有1000万名阿尔茨海默病患者。随着社会人口老龄化加速,预计到2050年我国患者将达4000万人,给患者家庭和社会造成严重负担。今年9月21日是第28个“世界阿尔茨海默病日”,今年的活动主题是“重视阿尔茨海默病临床前期主观认知下降,知彼知己、早诊早智”。

 

 

AD 属于一种中枢神经系统变性疾病,临床表现为认知功能损害和精神行为障碍,病程呈慢性进行性,是老年期痴呆最常见的一种类型。目前,针对 AD 的所有治疗用药都是以尽量延缓疾病的进展为主要目的,而没有任何一种药物被证实能够真正治疗 AD 有效。在对抗 AD 的路上,现阶段的重点或许应该是把目光集中于更早期的 AD 阶段,即临床前 AD(PCAD)阶段。

 

所谓 PCAD,顾名思义是指患者有早期的 AD 病理改变,但尚未达到临床轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)以及痴呆诊断标准的更早期阶段。这段时间可能长达 15-20 年,期间患者可以无任何症状出现。然而,这个时期患者体内可检测到 AD 病理的生物标志物,比如乙型类淀粉蛋白(Aβ42)以及神经纤维缠结 Tau 蛋白。

 

 

 

虽然 AD 的复杂病因尚未完全清楚,但目前通常认为,大脑中乙型类淀粉蛋白 (Aβ42) 的堆积成斑块,以及神经纤维缠结 Tau 蛋白产生,是导致脑神经元受损、死亡,诱发 AD 的两大因素。因此指出,在PCAD 阶段应积极采取一级预防和二级预防措施,其中一级预防主要是饮食调整、体育锻炼、认知功能训练以及常规治疗用药,旨在延缓病变的出现;二级预防主要是通过药物使用来达到减少 Aβ的形成和 Tau 的异常磷酸化的目的。

 

痴呆的10个早期警示症状:

 

  1.   记忆减退

 

  2.   做不好熟悉的工作

 

  3.   语言交流困难

 

  4.   搞不清时间和地点

 

  5.   思维判断力减退

 

  6.   弄不清事情的脉络

 

  7.   东西放错地方

 

  8.   性格行为出现改变

 

  9.   理解视觉和听觉信息有困难

 

  10.从工作或社会活动中退缩

 

一旦出现了早期症状,家人应及时陪同老人到综合医院的老年病科、神经内科、记忆门诊或精神卫生专科医院就诊。
 
 随着对 AD 的研究深入,人们对该病的认知水平逐渐提高,在该病的防治方面也逐渐有了更好的经验和技术。如前所述,AD 的典型病理变化要远远早于患者临床症状,这些发现为 AD 早筛早诊早治提供了实现的契机。
 
在国际上,目前被医生专家公认的、可以有效诊断大脑中 Aβ42 和 Tau 蛋白这两个生物标志物浓度的方式主要有三种,分别为脑脊液(CSF)、正子摄影(PET-RIB)和血液检测(IMR)。
 

 

IMR 血液超微量检测蛋白质技术让 AD 的早期诊断更便捷、准确,其超微量的灵敏性与精准度,可以在 AD 出现临床症状前的 15-20 年侦测到 Aβ42 和 Tau 蛋白的含量开始异常增加,进而作为医疗上的干预手段。此外,该技术能在极早期检查与出现轻微认知功能下降时对医生所给予的药物和治疗方式做定期性追踪,从而进一步调整或改变治疗方向与用药剂量。
 
 “阿尔茨海默病患者的脑海里像是有一块橡皮擦,随着年岁的增长会逐渐擦去记忆。虽不能治愈,但早期发现,尽早治疗,规律服药,健康生活能减轻症状,延缓进展”。“阿尔茨海默病发病因素有很多种,家族遗传也是显著的病因之一,所以家族里有老年痴呆症病人的朋友要加以重视。建议年过40岁就要有意识地预防和风险筛查”。
 

 

阿尔茨海默病的预防:
 
♦减少糖、盐、油的摄入:平时饮食清淡为主,尽量少吃含糖、盐、油多的食物。
 
♦少饮或不饮烈性酒:酒精不但能使大脑细胞的密度降低,还能使大脑细胞快速萎缩。
 
♦勤思考勤动脑:经常进行一些脑力活动,如看书、下棋等。
 
不要吸烟:吸烟会引起脑供血不足,使脑细胞发生萎缩,因此应积极戒烟。
 
♦积极体育活动:适当进行体育活动会使人的血液循环加快,使脑细胞得到充足的养分和氧气。因此,经常参加体育活动可预防老年痴呆症。
 

 

阿尔茨海默病患者应积极治疗
 
药物治疗和非药物治疗可以帮助患者改善认知功能,减少并发症,提高生活质量,减轻负担。可在专业人员指导下,开展感官刺激、身体和智能锻炼、环境疗法等非药物治疗。对于患者家属、社会各界来说,从内心深处、从态度上、从行动上做出改变就能够为 AD 患者带来温暖和从容面对的勇气。
 
知识就是力量!2021年世界阿尔茨海默病日聚焦于知识的普及、早期筛查和早期诊断。一旦williamhill asia 通过科普宣教拥有了阿尔茨海默病的防治知识,一旦williamhill asia 通过筛查了解了williamhill asia 自己的记忆改变,williamhill asia 就会被知识、尊重、善意和帮助武装起来,williamhill asia 就能够更有效、更全面地准备、应对、克服与战胜阿尔茨海默病对自己和家人的侵扰。
 
参考文献
1. 赖思强, 李澎, 马天君, 等. 临床前期阿尔茨海默病的研究进展[J]. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 2016(12):760-763.
2. Elliott,C.,Masliah,E., Ryan, L., & Silverberg, N. (2018).Nia-aa research framework: toward a biological definition of alzheimer'sdisease. Alzheimers & Dementia the Journal of the Alzheimers Association,14(4), 535.
3. 5-2.Youn,Y.C.,Kang,S.,Suh,J.,Park,Y.H.,Kang,M.J.,&Pyun,J.M.,etal. (2019).Blood amyloid-β oligomerization associated with neurodegeneration ofalzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's research & therapy, 11(1), 40.

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    2021-09-22 我思故我在2

    学习很大,收获满满

    0

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    2021-09-22 DR.Fu SIR

    学习了

    0

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    2021-09-22 ms1000001127428570

    学习到了

    0

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    2021-09-22 随梦飞扬

    尽量少吃含糖、盐、油多的食物。

    0

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    2021-09-22 随梦飞扬

    目前被医生专家公认的、可以有效诊断大脑中 Aβ42 和 Tau 蛋白这两个生物标志物浓度的方式主要有三种,分别为脑脊液(CSF)、正子摄影(PET-RIB)和血液检测(IMR)。

    0

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