MDT丨多学科讨论综合治疗复杂肝门部胆管癌一例

2019-01-24 黄鑫 《国际肝病》编辑部

患者58岁女性,入院2周前行体格检查发现肝功能异常、腹部超声提示肝内胆管扩张,就诊于当地医院,行MRCP发现肝门区占位、考虑胆管癌可能;患者否认腹痛、腹胀、腹泻,否认发热、乏力、纳差,否认尿色加深等表现。1年前发现乙型病毒性肝炎,未规范治疗,其他病史无特殊。入院后专科查体无皮肤、巩膜黄染,腹部查体及浅表淋巴结检查阴性。

肝门部胆管癌是胆道恶性肿瘤中最常见的类型,手术是治疗肝门部胆管癌最积极、最有效的手段。由于解剖位置特殊、周围组织结构复杂,手术决策存在诸多难题。对于Bismuth-Corlette Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌,通常认为肿瘤已经侵犯至肝内双侧二级胆管分支、无法达到根治性切除,但仍需根据患者实际情况做出个性化、精准的手术决策。本刊特邀请清华大学附属长庚医院黄鑫医生分享经MDT讨论综合治疗复杂Bismuth Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌患者一例。

病例概述

患者58岁女性,入院2周前行体格检查发现肝功能异常、腹部超声提示肝内胆管扩张,就诊于当地医院,行MRCP发现肝门区占位、考虑胆管癌可能;患者否认腹痛、腹胀、腹泻,否认发热、乏力、纳差,否认尿色加深等表现。1年前发现乙型病毒性肝炎,未规范治疗,其他病史无特殊。入院后专科查体无皮肤、巩膜黄染,腹部查体及浅表淋巴结检查阴性。

实验室检查结果:ALT 97.4 U/L,AST 76 U/L,ALP 347 U/L,GGT 456 U/L,CA19-9 202.14 U/mL,CEA 7.29 ng/mL,总胆红素、直接及间接胆红素均正常。

腹部CT:肝总管、胆总管上段管壁增厚,管腔变窄,局部见结节性病变,大小约2.0 cm × 1.5  cm,增强扫描明显强化,肝内胆管扩张,肝门区见多发肿大淋巴结影(图1)。


图1   腹部增强CT门脉期

术前评估

根据术前影像结果,肿瘤向上侵犯肝内右前、右后叶及左内叶胆管,仅S2、S3三级胆管无侵犯,向下延续至胆囊管汇入肝总管水平,初步诊断为Bismuth Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌,最佳手术方式是围肝门切除+右三肝联合尾状叶切除+胆肠吻合术。

全身状态评估:ECOG评分0分,ASA评分Ⅰ级,无远处转移。

可切除性评估:⑴脉管结构:左外叶肝动脉、门静脉均未受到肿瘤侵犯;左内叶肝静脉回流通畅;⑵肝脏功能:Child-Pugh评分A级,肝功能储备ICG-R15 7.7%正常;但预留肝体积(左外叶)仅为237 cm3,占22% 标准肝体积(SLV:1054 cm3)。

治疗决策

患者预留肝体积仅占22%SLV,处于正常肝脏剩余功能性肝体积边缘,但其1年前发现乙肝并未规范治疗,存在一定程度肝硬化,直接行根治手术风险极高。经我中心MDT讨论,为使该患者达到最佳的治疗效果和预后,需要通过术前预处理使左外叶增生,并决定采用门静脉栓塞(PVE)方法;在PVE之前,先行左肝胆管引流,避免等待期间胆道完全梗阻、加重肝损伤。

治疗过程

经皮经肝胆道引流术(PTBD):通过3段胆道分支放入左支矢状部,造影见双侧一、二级胆管(除左外叶二级胆管)和肝总管均未显影,与之前CT评估结果相符(图2);


图2  经PTBD管胆道造影

门静脉栓塞术(PVE):栓塞前造影见门静脉主干及各分支通畅,应用聚乙烯醇微球及弹簧圈分别栓塞门静脉右支各血管分支和左内叶部分分支;栓塞后造影可见左内叶及部分左外叶门静脉显影(图3);


图3  PVE栓塞后造影

介入术后仅转氨酶轻度升高,很快恢复正常,患者无不适主诉。PVE三周后复查CT见左外叶明显增生,测量左外叶体积320 cm3,较前增长35%,占30%SLV(图4:腹部CT示左外叶增生)。再次MDT讨论、可以行根治手术。


图4   腹部CT示左外叶增生

术中见左外叶及部分左内叶肝脏组织颜色质地正常,右半肝及胆囊萎缩明显(图5,上);右半肝存在两处明显萎缩坏死区域,左内叶可见缺血线(图5,下)。手术顺利,术后病理提示肝门胆管中分化腺癌,切缘未见癌浸润,淋巴结可见转移(pT4N2M0  Stage IVA)。




图5  术中肝脏

患者术后恢复顺利;术后2周腹部CT检查可见剩余肝脏体积稍增大,肝动脉、门静脉通畅,肝内胆道无扩张;术后3个月复查肿瘤标志物正常,腹部增强MR无复发表现。

讨论

随着技术的发展,Bismuth Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌患者亦存在治愈的可能性,然而多数病例面临预留肝脏体积不足的难题。通过术前预处理,可有效增生预留肝脏体积,使患者得到根治手术的机会。目前主流方法包括联合肝脏分割和门静脉结扎二阶段肝切除术(ALPPS)和PVE,以及PVE联合TACE、射频、PTBD的综合手段。

ALPPS与PVE相比,有肝脏急速增生、手术间隔较短显著等优势,但病死率和并发症发生率较高,且理论上可增加术中肿瘤细胞扩散的风险。常规PVE肝脏增生缓慢、等待时间较久,有肿瘤进展风险;后日本学者提出了高选择性PVE,即在栓塞门静脉右支同时选择性栓塞S4门静脉,不但预留肝脏增生较快、可取得与ALPPS类似效果,而且并发症发生率和病死率较ALPPS明显下降;但S4门静脉栓塞的技术难度相对较大,且存在异位栓塞、血栓形成的风险。

本例患者中,肿瘤侵犯广泛且与门静脉右支主干贴近,考虑ALPPS分离时肿瘤播散风险较高,且S4门静脉主支为左支矢状部的延续,适合高选择性PVE;患者术后肝脏增生显著、未出现并发症,高选择性PVE效果及安全性值得肯定。

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    2019-01-26 jiangfeng5070
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