Nature子刊:癌症治疗重大变革:免疫检查点抑制剂的十年历程

2020-08-12 转化医学网 转化医学网

免疫治疗使肿瘤学领域发生了革命性的变化,这种变革远远不止是患者临床疗效的显著改善,它对癌症患者具有更全面的视野,从而在治疗效果和毒性评估中产生了根本性的变化。

近期,来自古斯塔夫·鲁西研究所和巴黎-萨克雷大学的Caroline Robert,在《自然通讯》杂志上发表了一篇题为“A decade of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy”的评述,对过去十年癌症治疗中的免疫检查点抑制剂的发展进行了评论。

  肿瘤免疫治疗的复兴
  过去十年来,癌症治疗中最重要的成就无疑是引入靶向T细胞的免疫调节剂来阻断免疫检查点CTLA-4和PD-1或PDL-1。2011年,第一个阻断免疫检查点(CTLA4)的抗体——ipilimumab被批准。随后又迅速开发出针对PD-1和PDL-1的单克隆抗体。抗PD-1 / PDL-1抗体已成为某些处方最广泛的抗癌疗法。现在,以T细胞为靶标的免疫调节剂可以用作单一药物,也可以与化学疗法结合作为治疗约50种癌症的一线或二线治疗方法。目前有超过3000项评估T细胞调节剂的有效临床试验,占所有肿瘤学试验的约2/3。
  然而,十年前,就在免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)时代来临之前,实体肿瘤免疫疗法处于严峻的形势。当时的疗法主要基于免疫细胞因子,例如白细胞介素2或α-干扰素,它们的效果不佳且毒性很高。临床研究试验测试了多种形式的癌症疫苗,而这些疫苗大多无效。然而,在ICI免疫疗法取得首个成功之后,直到今天,情况发生了逆转,免疫治疗在这一领域处于领先地位,免疫学家在癌症研究中重新获得了重要影响,2018年诺贝尔医学奖的获得者是两位免疫学家,他们是基于ICI的免疫疗法概念的起源者,James Allison和Tasuku Honjo癌症管理的全新视角
  毫无疑问,这一癌症治疗领域的荣誉是当之无愧的,因为ICI在治疗某些侵袭性癌症(如转移性黑色素瘤)方面取得了巨大的临床进展,这也是首个证明ICI疗效的疾病。ICI免疫疗法不仅在某些病人身上有显著的疗效,而且在多方面革新了肿瘤学领域。它改变了医生评估治疗效果或处理不良事件的方式。它还提供了对癌症患者的一个更全面的视角,不仅仅是癌细胞,而且在免疫学家、肿瘤学家和其他器官专家之间创造了新的、富有成效的互动。
  事实上,免疫治疗的成功依赖于通过激活宿主免疫系统来破坏癌症,从而使人们对癌症有了更全面的认识。现在它不仅考虑到了要被靶向和破坏的癌细胞,而且还考虑到了癌症免疫环境。现在,人们完全意识到对培养的癌细胞系和免疫功能低下的动物进行的常规癌症药物临床前测试的意义不大。现在,使用具有免疫功能的动物的新的,更可靠的临床前模型得到了更广泛的应用。
  目前,用于转化和临床研究的新工具包括免疫参数,如肿瘤浸润T细胞的存在和激活状态,免疫检查点PDL-1的表达或肿瘤突变负担(TMB)的评估。另一方面,在ICI免疫治疗中,来自高度突变肿瘤的多种新抗原的可能性似乎是一个有利的反应因素。这就是为什么吸烟的肺癌患者对免疫治疗的反应优于非吸烟患者。高TMB与免疫治疗反应之间具有相关性,因此抗PD-1药物被授权用于与错配的DNA修复缺陷(微卫星不稳定性)相关的高度突变癌症。这是癌症治疗史上罕见的例子,无论潜在的肿瘤类型如何,药物都是基于生物肿瘤学机制授权的。
  即使在转移灶的大小最初增加之后,ICI免疫疗法仍可以诱导延迟的肿瘤反应。这样的假进展可能是由于免疫疗法的延迟疗效,或是由于免疫细胞的初始募集而导致肿瘤大小的短暂增加。因此,通常用于监测化疗或靶向治疗反应的标准放射学评价标准(RECIST-1.1)并不适用于这些新的反应动力学。因此,iRECIST(免疫再循环)评估系统纳入了新的评估标准威廉亚洲博彩公司 ,包括延长确认或否定肿瘤增加的时间。
  另一个重大变化与免疫疗法相关的不良事件有关,它们与先前的治疗,细胞毒性或靶向治疗相关的治疗方法完全不同。由于ICI作用机制依赖于抑制免疫激活的生理制动,因此它们通常具有脱靶效应,从而导致免疫介导的各种器官或组织发炎。它们有时可能很严重,尤其是当同时使用抗CTLA-4和抗PD-1时,会产生高达60%的3-5级不良事件。尽管很少见,但当发生严重的医源性事件。这种新的不良事件范围要求治疗的肿瘤科医生与各种器官专科医生以及内科医生之间进行快速有效的交流,以优化各种免疫相关不良事件的管理。
  治愈的希望只属于少数病人
  ICI最大的成功之一是尽管治疗中断,但可以达到长期缓解,为某些患者的治愈带来了很大希望。在达到完全缓解的黑色素瘤患者中,这意味着所有可见转移灶都完全消失。现在普遍认为,对于此类患者,至少经过6个月的治疗即可中止治疗,因为据估计,在目前的5年随访中,其复发风险小于10%。在ICI时代之前,如此长时间的完全缓解是完全不可想象的。但是,并非所有类型的癌症都能像黑色素瘤那样做出反应,因此关于其他癌症的中止治疗可能性的数据还不成熟。
  患者对癌症免疫治疗的态度通常相当积极。患者通常会赞成通过动员自己的免疫系统来对抗癌症的想法。由于这种对治疗策略的频繁依附,患者很可能会更积极地参与治疗,并且至少在治疗开始阶段,患者和医生之间的互动可以得到促进。
  另一个反作用是免疫疗法在某种程度上是其成功的牺牲品。这种治疗策略在患者和普通公众中的吸引力,再加上媒体报道的简化和修饰,已经设定了非常高的期望值,并使ICI治疗无法实现其承诺的患者深感失望,而他们仍然是多数。
  结语
  免疫疗法花了很长时间才跻身到一个活跃的抗癌药物的圈子里。在过去的十年里,ICI以前所未有的速度开发并授权用于多种癌症类型。尽管取得了巨大的进步,ICI并没有彻底解决癌症治疗的问题。有了免疫检查点免疫治疗,癌症治疗一扇门已经打开,但病例并不会减少。williamhill asia 对未来十年的希望是,预测ICI疗效和毒性的生物标志物,以及优化ICI方案和新组合的药效学参数。
  参考:

【1】Robert, C. A decade of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy. Nat Commun 11, 3801 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17670-y

【2】https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17670-y

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“williamhill asia 医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于williamhill asia 医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“williamhill asia 医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“williamhill asia 号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与williamhill asia 联系,williamhill asia 将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (5)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844306, encodeId=08a7184430642, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06a2e1405a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71405, encryptionId=06a2e1405a8, topicName=癌症治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Thu Apr 29 22:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1852461, encodeId=e9711852461d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Wed Feb 17 17:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1884570, encodeId=243c18845e070, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Mar 10 08:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=895895, encodeId=47ad895895af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0de5290588c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫检查点抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=198, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29058, encryptionId=0de5290588c, topicName=免疫检查点抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 16:16:41 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1340539, encodeId=8cc7134053955, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd1a29055c8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫检查点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29055, encryptionId=dd1a29055c8, topicName=免疫检查点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKUdkK5dVTue7YQDvwqM1ugOuEpDZEzvXhoGClFiavehcrNAYDuPbks3MkKLPpyAEicgic80KguxwicYQ/132, createdBy=ec952500165, createdName=ms5187542471278033, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 01:44:35 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844306, encodeId=08a7184430642, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06a2e1405a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71405, encryptionId=06a2e1405a8, topicName=癌症治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Thu Apr 29 22:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1852461, encodeId=e9711852461d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Wed Feb 17 17:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1884570, encodeId=243c18845e070, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Mar 10 08:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=895895, encodeId=47ad895895af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0de5290588c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫检查点抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=198, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29058, encryptionId=0de5290588c, topicName=免疫检查点抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 16:16:41 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1340539, encodeId=8cc7134053955, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd1a29055c8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫检查点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29055, encryptionId=dd1a29055c8, topicName=免疫检查点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKUdkK5dVTue7YQDvwqM1ugOuEpDZEzvXhoGClFiavehcrNAYDuPbks3MkKLPpyAEicgic80KguxwicYQ/132, createdBy=ec952500165, createdName=ms5187542471278033, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 01:44:35 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-02-17 jklm09
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844306, encodeId=08a7184430642, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06a2e1405a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71405, encryptionId=06a2e1405a8, topicName=癌症治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Thu Apr 29 22:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1852461, encodeId=e9711852461d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Wed Feb 17 17:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1884570, encodeId=243c18845e070, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Mar 10 08:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=895895, encodeId=47ad895895af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0de5290588c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫检查点抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=198, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29058, encryptionId=0de5290588c, topicName=免疫检查点抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 16:16:41 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1340539, encodeId=8cc7134053955, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd1a29055c8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫检查点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29055, encryptionId=dd1a29055c8, topicName=免疫检查点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKUdkK5dVTue7YQDvwqM1ugOuEpDZEzvXhoGClFiavehcrNAYDuPbks3MkKLPpyAEicgic80KguxwicYQ/132, createdBy=ec952500165, createdName=ms5187542471278033, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 01:44:35 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-03-10 liye789132251
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844306, encodeId=08a7184430642, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06a2e1405a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71405, encryptionId=06a2e1405a8, topicName=癌症治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Thu Apr 29 22:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1852461, encodeId=e9711852461d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Wed Feb 17 17:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1884570, encodeId=243c18845e070, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Mar 10 08:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=895895, encodeId=47ad895895af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0de5290588c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫检查点抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=198, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29058, encryptionId=0de5290588c, topicName=免疫检查点抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 16:16:41 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1340539, encodeId=8cc7134053955, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd1a29055c8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫检查点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29055, encryptionId=dd1a29055c8, topicName=免疫检查点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKUdkK5dVTue7YQDvwqM1ugOuEpDZEzvXhoGClFiavehcrNAYDuPbks3MkKLPpyAEicgic80KguxwicYQ/132, createdBy=ec952500165, createdName=ms5187542471278033, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 01:44:35 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844306, encodeId=08a7184430642, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=06a2e1405a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌症治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71405, encryptionId=06a2e1405a8, topicName=癌症治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cbf451, createdName=陈吴1234, createdTime=Thu Apr 29 22:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1852461, encodeId=e9711852461d9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54918, encryptionId=f0a254918f0, topicName=抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Wed Feb 17 17:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-02-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1884570, encodeId=243c18845e070, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Mar 10 08:44:35 CST 2021, time=2021-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=895895, encodeId=47ad895895af, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0de5290588c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫检查点抑制剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=198, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29058, encryptionId=0de5290588c, topicName=免疫检查点抑制剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 16:16:41 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1340539, encodeId=8cc7134053955, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd1a29055c8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫检查点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=29055, encryptionId=dd1a29055c8, topicName=免疫检查点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKUdkK5dVTue7YQDvwqM1ugOuEpDZEzvXhoGClFiavehcrNAYDuPbks3MkKLPpyAEicgic80KguxwicYQ/132, createdBy=ec952500165, createdName=ms5187542471278033, createdTime=Fri Aug 14 01:44:35 CST 2020, time=2020-08-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]

相关威廉亚洲官网

Science:肿瘤干细胞驱动的正反馈环路或可成为癌症治疗新靶点

肿瘤起始细胞,即肿瘤干细胞,是一类具有自我更新、克隆性肿瘤发生能力和克隆性长期增殖潜能的肿瘤细胞,与肿瘤异质性密切相关,在肿瘤放/化疗初步成功后复发、肿瘤休眠、肿瘤转移和耐药等临床现象中起着关键作用。

Neurology:还把口腔问题不当事?小心癌症、痴呆症……找上门

牙龈疾病尤其是牙周疾病,其影响范围远远超过williamhill asia 的想象。牙周病与多种疾病相关,比如心脏病、中风、糖尿病和痴呆症等。牙龈疾病,尤其不可逆的导致牙齿脱落的疾病,可能会在20年后导致轻度认知障碍和痴呆。

Lancet Oncology:人体内有那么多微生物,它们对癌症的发生和治疗有哪些影响?

人体微生物组与williamhill asia 共同进化、共同生存,也与williamhill asia 的健康有着复杂联系。比如williamhill asia 常说的肠道菌群,其多样性和构成情况,对每个人来说都是独特的健康相关特征。今年探索了很多人体不同组织内的微生物与癌症的关联。

Nat Commun:席鹏课题组实现活细胞线粒体STED长时程观察

线粒体是细胞的“发电厂”,其内部具有丰富的线粒体嵴用于ATP合成。也经常被认为是远古细菌入侵细胞并形成共生关系的一种典范。同时,在癌症等疾病中,由于新陈代谢异常,线粒体嵴也呈现异常。

GENETICS:最恐怖食肉动物的基因突变可抑癌!或是未来人类的“救星”!

导言:癌症一般不会传染,但袋獾的面部肿瘤病却因为近亲繁殖,导致了相互传播。之前就有研究表明,袋獾的奶是抵抗超级细菌的关键,如今一项新研究又显示出其基因突变对癌症的作用,未来袋獾将极有可能是人类的“救星

Science:新方法可更快更廉价地合成治疗病毒感染和癌症的核苷类似物

科学家们利用人造的、合成的核苷类似物来开发药物,用于治疗涉及细胞分裂和/或受感染细胞中病毒增殖的疾病。这些疾病包括肝炎、单纯疱疹、HIV和癌症。