精准医疗与神经发育性疾病

2016-05-17 佚名 生命奥秘

神经发育疾病是由脑发育异常引起的。神经发育疾病的病因可能是生殖细胞/体细胞突变、表观遗传或环境因素。这类疾病不仅在发展中国家发病率居高不下,在发达国家也同样如此。神经发育疾病带来的社会成本非常巨大,针对这类疾病的治疗相对缺乏。因此,寻找有效的治疗方法势在必行。 研究进展 自闭症等神经发育疾病的研究表明,几百个基因可能与这些疾病相关。对研究者来说,这种遗传异质性既是挑战,也是机遇。虽然很多基因还

神经发育疾病是由脑发育异常引起的。神经发育疾病的病因可能是生殖细胞/体细胞突变、表观遗传或环境因素。这类疾病不仅在发展中国家发病率居高不下,在发达国家也同样如此。神经发育疾病带来的社会成本非常巨大,针对这类疾病的治疗相对缺乏。因此,寻找有效的治疗方法势在必行。

研究进展

自闭症等神经发育疾病的研究表明,几百个基因可能与这些疾病相关。对研究者来说,这种遗传异质性既是挑战,也是机遇。虽然很多基因还有待确定,但几个单基因疾病相关基因的功能分析取得了重要发现。目前发现的大部分基因与几个特定保守通路相关:蛋白合成、转录或表观遗传学调控以及突触信号通路。脆性X染色体综合症、Rett综合征和结节性硬化症的基因数据分析启发了自闭症发病机制的研究。理解这些疾病的基本生物学有助于研发基于机制的治疗设计。

这些基因异常一度被认为是不可逆转的,但现在正接受新的临床试验。基于转基因小鼠模型的结果,研究者们认为,基因突变类型决定了患者对药物的响应。例如,哺乳动物类雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)抑制剂对结节性硬化症和PTEN错构瘤综合征有效、代谢型谷氨酸受体-5(metabotropic glutamate receptor 5)拮抗剂对脆性X染色体综合征和16p11.2缺失疾病有效,而胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor 1)则对RETT综合征和Phelan-McDermid综合征有效。这些临床试验能否通过药物监管机构认证还是未知。非综合性自闭症患者亚群可能从这些治疗中受益,但研究者们需要进一步对非综合性自闭症患者进行分层,研究治疗效果。

自闭症领域面临的一大难题是缺乏对自闭症患者大脑各区域和神经回路的精确理解。自闭症小鼠模型研究提示,自闭症患者存在特定脑区的异常以及特定细胞类型的异常。新皮层兴奋性和抑制性神经元、胶质细胞和小胶质细胞在自闭症中也起到一定作用。那么,人类大脑中是否也存在一些类似的脑区、细胞类型和神经回路与自闭症相关呢?这还有待进一步研究。

展望

下一代神经发育疾病研究需要解决的一个关键问题是行为综合征和并发症相关的基因突变、神经回路、细胞类型和常见信号通路。治疗神经发育疾病的早期试验取得了一些复杂的结果,再次强调了病人分层、研发更敏感、动态监测治疗效果的指标,例如生物标志物、利用源自干细胞的神经元等技术来预测治疗效果。

在选择患者、确定药物靶向效果、早期检测疗效上,生物标志物十分有用。鉴于自闭症患者存在神经回路功能异常,生物标志物可用于分析自闭症相关回路的功能。尤其是一些在小鼠和人类身上都存在的、可解读的生物标志物,如脑电、核磁共振成像、视/听电位、及眨眼发射等,在临床上非常有用。

一个潜在的、可用于预测疗效的技术是源自多功能干细胞的神经元。在真正给患者治疗前,可以利用这项技术来检测神经元对药物的响应。可以利用源自多功能干细胞的神经元来研究各个基因突变对自闭症发病的影响。

只有利用把精准医疗推行到神经发育疾病领域中,williamhill asia 才能真正研发出基于机制的疗法,真正造福患者。

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