胡锡琪:药物性肝损伤组织病理学评分

2012-06-17 庞琳娜 复旦大学上海医学院

       由于肝脏是药物代谢的重要脏器,因此随着各种新药的不断涌现,药物性肝损害(drug-induced  liverinjury,DILI)逐年增多,已知超过600多种药物可引起DILI。由于肝穿刺是一种创伤性的诊断措施,标本来之不易,所以临床对病理诊断的期望值过高,被誉为“金标准”,然而DILI的病理学变化均为非特

       由于肝脏是药物代谢的重要脏器,因此随着各种新药的不断涌现,药物性肝损害(drug-induced  liverinjury,DILI)逐年增多,已知超过600多种药物可引起DILI。由于肝穿刺是一种创伤性的诊断措施,标本来之不易,所以临床对病理诊断的期望值过高,被誉为“金标准”,然而DILI的病理学变化均为非特异性,可见“金标准”在DILI面前显得含金量不足。

       受慢性肝炎计分评估(Scoring of CH)、非酒精性脂肪性肝病活动度评分(Nonalcoholic fatty liver discase active score,NAS)和国际自身免疫性肝炎组评分(International AIH Group scoring system)的启示,复旦大学上海医学院病理学系胡锡琪教授,自2000年起注意收集DILI的种种病理变化,并逐一加以评分,形成DILl评分系统DILl-PSS(DILI-pathological scroring system),该标准2010年形成第一稿,2012在初稿的基础上进行改进形成修改稿。

     
 药物性肝炎的主要病理学变化包括:

       1.肝细胞脂肪变性(DILI-PSS3):可以大泡性脂肪变性(DILI-PSS1,图1)和(或)小泡性脂肪变性(DILI-PSS2,图2)。小泡性脂肪变性意义更大,具有相对特异性。小泡性脂肪变性的肝细胞膜下见无数细小张力型空泡,整个肝细胞形如泡沫状,故称之泡沫细胞。婴幼儿因水杨酸制剂引起的Reye综合征和四环素引起的DILI可导致几乎所有肝细胞呈泡沫状。

药物性肝损伤病理改变 图1 大泡性细胞变性;图2 小泡性细胞变性
图1 大泡性细胞变性;图2 小泡性细胞变性

       2.肝细胞性胆汁淤积(DILI-PSSl):肝细胞胞质内显现棕黄色胆汁颗粒,伴毛细胞胆管扩张,胆栓形成,呈现花环样图像(图3),病变以小叶中央区为明显。

药物性肝损伤 图3 肝细胞胆汁淤积;图4 肝细胞凋亡
图3 肝细胞胆汁淤积;图4 肝细胞凋亡
 
       3.肝细胞凋亡(DILI-PSS1):在肝索和血窦内可见单个圆形匀质的嗜伊红小体(图4),数量多,分布广,十分引入注目。肝细胞坏死,包括点灶性坏死,碎屑样坏死或界面肝炎,亚大块肝坏死,和大块肝坏死,这些病变与病毒性肝炎相似,不予评分,但必须记录在案,必要时作Ishak的HAI评估。

       4.嗜伊红白细胞浸润(DILI-PSS2):坏死区和门管区嗜伊红白细胞浸润,有时血窦内亦可见(图5)。在除外寄生虫和嗜酸性肉芽肿后,对DILI诊断具相对特异性。

药物性肝损伤 图5 嗜伊红白细胞浸润;图6 上皮内肉芽肿
图5 嗜伊红白细胞浸润;图6 上皮内肉芽肿
 
       5.上皮内肉芽肿:由于药物对肝脏是一种异物,其可被巨噬细胞(枯否细胞)吞噬,形成由类上皮细胞,多核巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞组成的肉芽肿(图6),肉芽肿中心不含凝固性坏死。在本文收集的并最后得到临床确诊的DILI肝穿标本中,肉芽肿的检出率仅为4%,故对肉芽肿评分调整为附加分1分。

药物性肝损伤 图7 铁沉着
图7 铁沉着

       6.铁沉着:肝细胞坏死区,尤其是桥样坏死网状支架塌陷区铁沉着(图7)。是含铁药物引起DILI的佐证。因其检出需作特殊染色,而一般病理科不做这种特殊染色,对其评分也调整为附加分1分。

       综上所述,DILI-PSS包括:肝细胞脂肪变性3(大泡性1,小泡性2),肝细胞性胆汁淤积1,凋亡小体1,嗜伊红白细胞浸润2,总计7分,另有上皮性肉芽肿附加1,坏死区铁沉着附加1。根据DILI-PSS得分高低,受DILI临床因果关系5阶法评估的启示提出(如下表)。

表:DILl病理因果关系5阶法评估
DILI-PSS DILI-Pathol 5-PS
8~9 明确(Definit)
7 极可能(Highly likely)
5~6 很可能(Probable)
3~4 可能(Possible)
1~2 不可能(Unlikely)

       
建议DILI病理诊断报告书写格式:

1.组织病理学形态描述,DILI-PSS;
2.病理诊断:肝炎+DILI-Pathol-5PS。

参考文献:中华肝脏病杂志, 2012;20(3):176-7.

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    2012-06-19 jktdtl
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 英国学者唐纳森等的研究证实,人类白细胞(HLA)-DRB1*15等位基因是发生阿莫西林/克拉维酸 DILI的危险因素。此外,研究者还首次发现,HLA-DRB1*07的表达对阿莫西林/克拉维酸DILI的发生具有显著的保护作用。该研究发表在12月的《肝脏病学杂志》(J Hepatol 2010,53:1049)上。   在该研究中,研究组患者61例(均发生阿莫西林/克拉维酸DILI),对照组包括