Sci Rep:不同类型胰腺癌细胞中KRAS突变的异质性

2017-08-22 王婳婳 BioArt

胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)是一种破坏性疾病,血液中的循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)被认为是全身肿瘤扩散的手段。PDAC是美国和欧洲癌症相关死亡的第四大原因,发生率几乎等于死亡率,5年生存率<6%。这主要是由于其在转移期经常晚期诊断,具侵袭性,并仅对部分已知化学疗法应答。

这篇文章解读的是来自德国佛雷堡大学医学中心(Medical Center University of Freiburg)的科学家近日发表在scientific reports杂志上题为“Pancreatic cancer: Circulating Tumor Cells and Primary Tumors show Heterogeneous KRAS Mutations”的论文,该研究比较了胰腺循环肿瘤细胞和原发性肿瘤中KRAS基因突变,并评估了它们作为预后标志物的意义。

胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)是一种破坏性疾病,血液中的循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)被认为是全身肿瘤扩散的手段。PDAC是美国和欧洲癌症相关死亡的第四大原因,发生率几乎等于死亡率,5年生存率<6%。这主要是由于其在转移期经常晚期诊断,具侵袭性,并仅对部分已知化学疗法应答。

到目前为止,大多数治疗方案是基于通过细针抽吸(FNA)细胞学和横截面成像评估的肿瘤阶段进行的,且在20%的时间里患者是不直接参与的——因为转移性疾病通常只在操作探索时可观测。常规的预后因素如肿瘤大小,淋巴结状态和神经周围侵袭只能在切除后进行评估,并大部分证实预后不良。即使在完全肿瘤切除后,80%以上的患者会发生局部或远端肿瘤复发。这些数字突出表明需要一种可以改善诊断和分期的生物标志物,这有助于作者对肿瘤生物学的理解。

血流中的循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)被认为是代表了与主要病变分离并且无法通过临床成像检测,无法切除的弥漫性肿瘤细胞。

虽然CTCs在上述肿瘤中得到广泛的研究,但它们在不同阶段在PDAC中的意义尚不清楚。然而,有新出现的证据表明,CTCs还可以成为预测和理解PDAC中肿瘤生物学的有价值的工具。

Kirsten大鼠肉瘤病毒基因同源基因(KRAS)中的点突变存在于超过90%的PDAC病例中,被认为是已经发生在胰腺PanIN 1A病变中的PDAC发展的早期事件。这些突变通常影响的是热点密码子位点。根据替换的氨基酸的不同,突变中的关联mRNA表达模式、生物化学活性和转化能力也不同。其潜在的生物学过程尚未得到理解。

作者的前瞻性研究的目的是评估CTC计数对PDAC患者生存的影响以及KRAS突变在CTC和相应原发肿瘤样本中的相关性。对于CTC分离,作者使用了独立于CTC表面的简单的基于过滤的技术。结果显示,具有> 3 CTC / ml的患者比0.3-3 CTC / ml的患者总体生存期(OS)更差,而在同一患者中,CTC或原发性肿瘤中鉴定的KRAS突变可能不同。

结果与分析

作者分析了2012年2月至2014年6月期间58例组织学证实的PDAC患者(中位年龄67岁,年龄41-92岁)的CTC血样。肿瘤分期从小淋巴结阴性UICC IA肿瘤到转移性IV期疾病各异。58例患者中有37例(63.8%)接受了胰腺切除,47例患者接受辅助化疗或姑息化疗。 随访时间中位数为未死亡患者24个月,已死亡患者10个月。 在研究期结束时,有13名患者活着。 组织样本从37名患者处获得。 10个对照血液样品中有3个来自健康供体。

首先,作者对比了CTC含量和患者存活率。三十九名患者(67.3%)中检测到了CTC簇或单个CTC,2名患者(3.4%)疑似含CTC,17名患者(29.3%)显示CTC阴性。

细胞学上可见的恶性CTC细胞总数范围为0-13 CTC / ml。在42例患者(72.4%)中,作者发现了CTC中≥1的KRAS突变。 28名(48.3%)患者被检测为CTC阳性且CTC中含≥1的KRAS突变。五个患者(8.7%)均未显示KRAS突变或阳性细胞学检查结果。

CTC的存在对于总体生存率并没有影响, 然而,高CTC血液含量与总生存期较短的趋势相关。 超过3 CTC / ml血液(n = 16)的患者的中位总生存期为11.5个月,0.3-3 CTC / ml血液(n = 23)的患者的中位总生存期为20个月(下图)。



血液中肿瘤负荷较高(> 3CTC / ml)的患者表现出OS较差(11.5个月vs 20个月)的趋势。 CTC和原发性肿瘤具有KRAS突变的等分布基因型,但CTC表现出更多的KRAS突变。 令人惊讶的是,与KRASwt相比,CTC中的KRASG12V突变与更好的总体存活时间(OS,overall survival)(中位OS 24.5个月)。 其他突变,也是CTC阴性患者,具有相似的中位生存时间(8-9.5个月)。

接着,作者分析了在CTC和原发性肿瘤中KRAS突变的分布。 在CTC和原发肿瘤标本的KRAS突变分析中,作者检测到各种类型的12和13位密码子突变。 KRAS突变在CTC中的分布等于原发性肿瘤的突变,但CTC也显示出一些罕见的KRAS突变。 在可用的38个组织样品中,突变存在于97.4%(n = 37)的样品中。样品主要包含:c.35G > A (p.G12D; KRASG12D) 突变(在57.8%的样品中发现)。第二大突变为 c.35G > T (p.G12V; KRASG12V) ,在38例(16.2%)中有16例发现。另外,在7个肿瘤标本和11个CTC标本中存在多个突变。 作者仅在一名患者中观察到这两组的重叠。

CTA的KRAS突变分析揭示了21个样本中的c.35G> A(p.G12D; KRASG12D)突变,14个标本中的c.35G> T(p.G12V; KRASG12V)突变和22个样本中的KRAS突变(c.35G> C(p.G12A),c.34G> T(p.G12C),c.34G> A(p.G12S),c.38G> A(p.G13D),c.37G > A(p.G13S))。

11名患者在其CTC中有多于一种的KRAS突变。两名患有KRASG12V突变并被归为KRASG12V组,5名患有KRASG12D和另外一种“其他突变”的患者,被归在KRASother组中,其中4名在其CTC中具有多个KRASother突变。所有患有KRAS Non-G12V突变的患者均归为KRASother组。不同突变的频率与PDAC中先前描述的频率一致。有5例患有KRAS突变的肿瘤样本的患者在血液标本中未显示CTC。在KRASother突变患者中,KRASG12D患者的中位生存期为9个月。在生存率分析显示,患者有8个月CTC阳性但不含KRAS突变(KRASwt, n = 11),10个月有包含KRASG12D的KRASother突变,9个月不含CTC。KRASG12V患者中位生存期最长24.5个月;然而,这在整体比较中没有统计学意义。在KRASG12V患者和KRASGT患者(平行细胞学标本中为CTC)的成对比较中,KRASG12V突变患者的总生存期明显更长。?

CTA和原发性肿瘤中KRAS突变非常不一样。在38例KRAS患者的CTC和肿瘤患者中,1例在原发性肿瘤中为KRAS野生型,5例为无CTC,32例同时具有原发性肿瘤和CTC的患者中,6例未检出KRAS CTCs的突变(基于检测限制),而在原发性肿瘤有突变(18.7%)。在26例CTC和原发性肿瘤中发现突变的患者中,15例(58%)患者至少有一个匹配突变(CTC + TumorKRASmatch),而11例(42%)患者中,CTC和和原发性肿瘤KRAS不匹配)。用定量液滴数字PCR(ddPCR)方法进一步分析了18个选择的肿瘤和CTC标本(主要是多个突变),以确定这些异质结果。在具有多个突变的选定病例中,所有突变均在ddPCR中得到证实,显示出非常低的等位基因频率<0.03%。值得注意的是,在大约一半的情况下,所进行的t检验结果并不明显;然而,ddPCR没有检测到所分析的CTC标本中的所有突变。有趣的是,通过ddPCR技术(两个肿瘤标本,两个CTC标本)作者鉴定了四个额外的KRAS突变。

对于本研究中CTC和原发性肿瘤中42%不一致的KRAS突变,可能有生物和技术的解释。首先,不一致的CTC可能在获得完全恶性表型之前已经脱离原发性损害的细胞在远端位点处经历体细胞突变或缺失。其次,KRAS突变状态的异质性在原发肿瘤中是一个众所周知的现象。事实上,在每个PDAC的匹配肿瘤可能有多于一个KRAS突变:32个肿瘤样品中的7个中发现了一个肿瘤内的异质KRAS突变。第三,在交叉污染的标本中的技术限制在理论上是可能的 - 虽然在42%的情况下这不太可能。

讨论

越来越多的证据表明,来自癌症患者的CTC表征可能提供关于早期检测,预后,治疗和复发的重要信息,以及改善关于肿瘤侵袭和转移的机理洞察。 CTC在乳腺,肺,结肠直肠和前列腺癌中进行了广泛的研究。在这些实体的选择研究中,CTC用于反应预测和治疗调整。由于PDAC23中CTC的检测,分离和表征不一致,在PDAC中,作者还远不能达到这种情况。经FDA批准的CellSearch技术的几项研究在PDAC患者中相当令人失望,CTC检测率约为5%-40%,但正在进行的研究已经开发出更多的前瞻性方法。

包括作者自己在内的几项研究表明,PDAC患者的CTC不仅罕见,而且对于(EMT)表面标志物也是不同的。此研究现在能够显示KRAS突变在这个细胞群体中也是异质的。CTC展现出了KRASG12V,KRASG12D,KRASG12S,KRASG13D和其他KRAS突变。此外,不仅CTC,原发性肿瘤也具有多于一种KRAS突变。最近对PDAC中不同肿瘤亚型的广泛研究揭示了类似的结果:突变(不仅KRAS)在原发性肿瘤和转移部位是部分多样的。

原始出处:Kulemann B, R?sch S, Seifert S, et al. Pancreatic cancer: Circulating Tumor Cells and Primary Tumors show Heterogeneous KRAS Mutations. Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 3;7(1):4510.

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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/23/7f016e48a01c47d183a45783cee50360.jpg, createdBy=cfb11352434, createdName=Thc822, createdTime=Wed Aug 23 00:35:10 CST 2017, time=2017-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-24 yxch36
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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/23/7f016e48a01c47d183a45783cee50360.jpg, createdBy=cfb11352434, createdName=Thc822, createdTime=Wed Aug 23 00:35:10 CST 2017, time=2017-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-24 yinhl1978
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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/23/7f016e48a01c47d183a45783cee50360.jpg, createdBy=cfb11352434, createdName=Thc822, createdTime=Wed Aug 23 00:35:10 CST 2017, time=2017-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-24 bioon7
  6. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/23/7f016e48a01c47d183a45783cee50360.jpg, createdBy=cfb11352434, createdName=Thc822, createdTime=Wed Aug 23 00:35:10 CST 2017, time=2017-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-23 天涯183

    非常好的文章.学习了.很受益

    0

  7. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/23/7f016e48a01c47d183a45783cee50360.jpg, createdBy=cfb11352434, createdName=Thc822, createdTime=Wed Aug 23 00:35:10 CST 2017, time=2017-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-23 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

  8. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/23/7f016e48a01c47d183a45783cee50360.jpg, createdBy=cfb11352434, createdName=Thc822, createdTime=Wed Aug 23 00:35:10 CST 2017, time=2017-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-08-23 130****4638

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

  9. 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    2017-08-23 txqjm

    谢谢了.学习

    0

  10. 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    2017-08-23 Thc822

    学习了

    0

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