腰椎骨折术后并发急性脊髓炎1例

2019-10-17 王守刚 蔡宏斌 中国矫形外科杂志

患者,男,43岁,汉族,农民。因”高处坠落伤致腰部疼痛伴双下肢活动障碍1h”急诊入院。入院1h前患者在工地不慎自4m高处坠下致伤腰部,即感腰部剧烈疼痛,呈持续性胀痛,不能活动,双下肢感觉麻木、不能活动,伴头皮出血,被急送本院。行CT检查提示:L1椎体爆裂骨折合并椎管狭窄,L2/3椎体横突骨折,双肺挫伤,以“腰椎骨折并截瘫”收住院。既往无重要病史,个人史及婚育史无特殊。

急性脊髓炎是非特异性炎症引起脊髓急性进行性炎性脱髓鞘病变或坏死,病变常局限于脊髓的数个节段,主要病理改变为髓鞘肿胀、脱失、周围淋巴细胞显著增生、轴索变性、血管周围炎症细胞浸润。最常受累的是胸髓,临床表现为脊髓损伤平面以下肢体瘫痪、感觉障碍和括约肌功能障碍。青壮年好发,男女发病无明显差异,四季均可发病,发病前数天或数周可有上呼吸道感染症状或疫苗接种史,受凉、过劳、外伤常为诱发因素。本院骨科收治1例L1椎体爆裂骨折并截瘫的患者,在术后第10d出现急性颈髓脊髓炎,经过积极治疗后,症状明显好转。现报告如下。

病例资料

病史    患者,男,43岁,汉族,农民。因”高处坠落伤致腰部疼痛伴双下肢活动障碍1h”急诊入院。入院1h前患者在工地不慎自4m高处坠下致伤腰部,即感腰部剧烈疼痛,呈持续性胀痛,不能活动,双下肢感觉麻木、不能活动,伴头皮出血,被急送本院。行CT检查提示:L1椎体爆裂骨折合并椎管狭窄,L2/3椎体横突骨折,双肺挫伤,以“腰椎骨折并截瘫”收住院。既往无重要病史,个人史及婚育史无特殊。

查体     T36.5℃,P84次/分,R21次/分,BP120/80mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),神志清,精神差,急性痛苦病容,面色苍白,皮肤黏膜潮湿,被动仰卧位,头颅五官无明显异常,双肺呼吸音粗,无明显干湿啰音,查体心脏无异常,腹部无异常。专科查体:脊柱胸腰结合段明显后凸畸形,局部肿胀,T11~L4椎体棘突间隙压痛,双侧棘旁压痛,腰背肌痉挛压痛,腰部活动受限,双下肢股四头肌肌力0级,股二头肌肌力0级,胫前肌肌力0级,小腿三头肌肌力0级,足背伸及跖屈肌力0级,双侧大腿感觉麻木,双侧膝关节以下感觉消失,腹壁反射正常,双侧提睾反射消失,双侧膝腱反射消失,跟腱反射消失。巴氏症未引出。辅助检查:CT检查提示:L1椎体爆裂骨折合并椎管狭窄,L2/3椎体横突骨折,双肺挫伤。入院诊断:(1)L1椎体爆裂骨折并截瘫;(2)L2/3椎体横突骨折;(3)双侧创伤性湿肺。



治疗    患者入院后,积极给予液体支持,吸氧,心电监护,导尿,预防性应用抗生素等,并给予甲基强的松龙冲击治疗,按30mg/kg剂量一次给药,15min静脉注射完毕,休息45min,在以后23h内按5.4mg/(kg·h)静脉持续给药,患者无明显不良反应。因患者入院后痰液较多,不能急诊手术,观察4d后在全麻下行L1椎体骨折脱位切开、减压、复位、植骨融合内固定术,手术过程顺利,术后常规给予低分子肝素钙抗凝,给予脱水等处理,预防性应用抗生素3d,伤口按期换药。术后9d病情稳定,体温正常,复查血常规及肝肾功正常。术后第10d查房,患者诉双上肢感觉乏力,双手不能握拳,呼吸费力,查体:生命体征平稳,双肺呼吸音低,无明显干湿啰音,胸式呼吸消失,腹式呼吸增强,双侧肱二头肌肌力4+级,肱三头肌肌力4+级,双手内在肌肌力3级,乳头平面以下感觉消失,双下肢肌力感觉消失。即给予颈椎核磁共振检查。

结合影像学资料及患者临床症状和查体,诊断急性颈髓脊髓炎,给予吸氧,重新调整应用抗生素,患者体温逐渐升高至40℃,应用泰能、万古霉素等,甲强龙500mg/d冲击治疗,给予补充白蛋白,丙种球蛋白等治疗,患者体温一直维持在38.5℃~40℃,之后体温呈间歇热波形,持续高热70d,低钠血症持续约1个月,经持续给予降温、输液、补充高渗盐等处理,电解质恢复正常,生命体征恢复正常。治疗过程中先后进行3次脑脊液培养、7次血培养、8次痰培养均未有阳性发现,典型资料如图1。

结果     患者双上肢感觉恢复尚可,呼吸费力。查体:生命体征平稳,双肺呼吸音低,无明显干湿啰音,胸式呼吸消失,腹式呼吸增强,双侧肱二头肌肌力4+级,肱三头肌肌力4+级,双手内在肌肌力3级,乳头平面以下感觉消失,双下肢肌力感觉消失。电解质恢复正常。

讨论

急性脊髓炎病因目前尚不清楚,一般认为可能是病毒感染后所诱发的一种自身免疫性疾病。自身免疫功能异常可能在该病发病机制中起主要作用。急性脊髓炎患者发病时体内T辅助性淋巴细胞功能亢进,抑制性T淋巴细胞功能降低,T淋巴细胞过度激活可以诱导B细胞产生针对周围神经髓鞘的抗体并激活补体系统,产生膜攻击复合物C5B-9,导致周围神经髓鞘变性。活化的T淋巴细胞又可对周围神经的髓鞘和雪旺细胞产生直接毒害作用而发病。

对急性脊髓炎的治疗以激素治疗、免疫球蛋白治疗为主。甲泼尼龙是一种人工合成的中效类固醇激素,除具有减轻脊髓水肿的作用外,大剂量甲泼尼龙能抑制引起神经病变的脂质过氧化,增加脊髓神经兴奋性,促进神经生理功能恢复,对水钠代谢影响小,且不经肝脏代谢而直接作用于靶细胞产生抗炎、免疫抑制、抗毒等作用,具有见效快、疗程短、并发症少等优点。

该患者骨折术后并发脊髓炎作者认为可能的因素包括:①大剂量的应用甲泼尼龙,降低了机体的免疫力,暂时的免疫抑制;②患者高能量创伤后免疫力低下,经过麻醉、手术,再经历一次创伤应激反应,机体的免疫力进一步下降,也是发生急性脊髓炎的因素之一;③应用甲泼尼龙治疗急性脊髓损伤又诱发急性脊髓炎,临床罕见,此患者临床表现提示医生,在应用甲泼尼龙对急性脊髓损伤的患者进行激素冲击时,应高度警惕有诱发急性脊髓炎的风险。

原始出处:

王守刚,蔡宏斌.腰椎骨折术后并发急性脊髓炎1例报告[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2019,27(18):1727-1728.

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强直性脊柱炎腰椎骨折术后再发胸椎骨折1例

患者,男,81岁。因腰椎骨折术后3年,背痛10d,于2016年08月19日入院。强直性脊柱炎病程40多年,有长期不规则服用强的松片史。患者3年前因强直性脊柱炎、L1椎体骨折不愈合、L2椎体骨折在我院全身麻醉下行强直性脊柱炎L1,2椎体骨折后路复位椎弓根钉内固定术,见图1A、B。

经皮脊柱内镜处理双节段腰椎管狭窄症合并椎管内骨化三例

腰椎管狭窄症(LSS)包括发育性椎管狭窄和继发性椎管狭窄,继发性椎管狭窄原因包括退变性椎管狭窄、椎管内骨化所导致的狭窄、肿瘤性狭窄和外伤性狭窄等。骨化性疾病导致的继发性LSS包括椎体后缘离断(PRAS),后纵韧带、纤维环、黄韧带的骨化或钙化等。目前经皮脊柱内镜技术(PED)已逐渐成为治疗LSS的主要手术方式之一。文献报道经皮内镜下腰椎椎管减压术(PELD)治疗合并同节段PRAS、后纵韧带骨化和纤维

腰椎椎管内可活动性神经鞘瘤1例

椎管内神经鞘瘤是最常见的椎管内良性肿瘤,约占椎管内良性肿瘤一半,其起源于神经根的鞘膜,大部分位于髓外硬脊膜下间隙。大部分起源于脊神经后根,受累神经呈纺锤状,一般单发。临床中一旦确诊均应手术治疗。手术方法以后入路椎板切除最为常见。2017年7月,作者对1例椎管内神经鞘瘤行手术治疗,发现术前MRI检查与术中肿瘤实际位置不一致,现报告如下。

人还年轻,颈椎和腰就先垮了

中国人,你们的颈椎和腰早就需要保养了。