Nature:COVID-19疫苗与儿童:试验开始时的五个问题

2021-04-22 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

家长们强烈要求让他们的孩子参加针对幼儿的首次COVID-19疫苗试验。《自然》杂志着眼于这些试验将如何解释儿童免疫系统和对COVID-19易感性的差异,以及围绕儿童医学研究增加的安全预防措施。

家长们强烈要求让他们的孩子参加针对幼儿的首次COVID-19疫苗试验。《自然》杂志着眼于这些试验将如何解释儿童免疫系统和对COVID-19易感性的差异,以及围绕儿童医学研究增加的安全预防措施。

williamhill asia 甚至需要给儿童接种疫苗吗?

儿童很少出现重度COVID-19,死于该疾病的情况更罕见。在极少数情况下——据估计约为千分之一,但也有可能更低——经历过轻微感染的儿童日后可能会发展成一种有时会致命的疾病,称为儿童多系统炎症综合征(MIS-C)。有证据表明,疫苗可能阻断SARS-CoV-2的传播,因此给儿童接种疫苗可能在更广泛的社区中产生有益的连锁反应。儿童,尤其是年幼的儿童,可能不是SARS-CoV-2的超级传播者,因为他们是包括流感在内的病毒的超级传播者。但是,快速传播变异的出现,以及一些国家成人疫苗接种率的上升,意味着儿童和青少年可能很快就会为传播做出更大贡献。目前,冠状病毒在年轻人中的传播最为热门。除非williamhill asia 关闭途径,否则病毒将找到生存和传播的方法。

在孩子身上的试验将如何发挥作用?

在某些方面,12岁以下儿童的疫苗试验将是早期成人试验的重演。第一批接受者将是年龄较大的人,尽管试验最终将包括6个月大的儿童。他们将接受一系列的剂量,以找到一种能引发强烈免疫反应而没有太多副作用的药物。一旦确定了理想剂量,数千名参与者将随机接受两剂疫苗或安慰剂注射。研究人员随后将对这些儿童进行数月甚至数年的跟踪,以研究疫苗的安全性和有效性。在成人试验中,参与试验的个人提供知情同意。然而,如果参与者是孩子,他们的法定监护人必须同意他们的参与。但是,伦敦卫生与热带医学院的儿科传染病专家、疫苗中心主任Beate Kampmann说,研究人员还必须获得任何年龄足够大、能够理解这项试验的儿童参与者的同意。

儿童和成人对COVID-19疫苗的反应会不同吗?

纽约市哥伦比亚大学免疫学家Donna Farber说,儿童的免疫系统充满了未见过病原体的细胞,因此它们往往会对疫苗产生强烈的免疫反应。早期试验结果显示,12 - 15岁的患者接受了两剂标准剂量的辉瑞生物科技(Pfizer-BioNTech)疫苗后,产生的病毒阻断抗体水平远远高于早期试验中16 - 25岁的患者。即使是更小的孩子,是否也能从较低的剂量中得到同样的免疫反应。儿童强大的免疫反应意味着他们在接种疫苗后比成年人更容易发烧,所以研究人员需要在触发强烈的免疫反应和将副作用最小化之间取得平衡。然而,这可能不是一个问题,因为孩子似乎不像成年人那样受发烧的困扰。由于COVID-19疫苗在年龄越来越小的儿童中进行测试,研究人员将希望确保这些疫苗不会干扰常规儿童疫苗接种产生的免疫力。Pfizer-BioNTech试验计划最终将五岁以下儿童纳入试验。今后需要研究如何最好地将COVID-19疫苗纳入儿童免疫接种计划。

科学家如何知道疫苗对儿童是否有效?

williamhill asia 知道疫苗可以预防成人感染COVID-19,因为临床试验就是为了证明这一点而设计的。研究人员将数万人随机分为两组,一组接受疫苗治疗,另一组接受安慰剂治疗。结果显示,两组患者的发病率存在显著差异。在儿科试验中,将只涉及几千名儿童,可能有症状的感染太少,无法用同样的方法来衡量疗效。在接种疫苗后观察免疫标记更有意义。如果发现儿童的免疫应答与成人相同或更好,就可以推断疫苗将有效。Moderna和辉瑞生物科技公司的试验都将这些标志物列为他们成功的主要衡量标准。辉瑞生物科技在青少年中进行的试验在安慰剂组中记录了18例病例,而在接种疫苗组中没有一例,因此在更年轻的孩子中进行的试验也会显示出这样的效果,这并不令人难以置信,但这将取决于社区感染率。然而,如果儿童接种疫苗的主要目的是阻止传播,试验应该能证明这一点。理想的做法是在孩子和未接种疫苗的家庭成员身上频繁涂抹棉签(不太可能流行)。相反,Moderna和辉瑞生物科技公司的试验打算观察无症状感染的血液标记物

研究人员如何知道疫苗对幼儿是否安全?

在涉及儿童的临床试验中,安全性至关重要,研究人员知道,针对儿童的COVID-19疫苗试验将受到额外的审查。从公共卫生的角度来看,任何抹黑疫苗、让人们质疑疫苗在儿童身上的安全性的行为都是一种倒退。早期成人试验密切关注了接种疫苗的人如果后来被感染,可能会发展成“增强疾病”的可能性。这些试验没有发现这方面的证据,但是儿科试验应该寻找可能加剧疾病的免疫反应,以及参与者产生类似于MIS-C的免疫反应的迹象。目前尚不清楚,对与牛津-阿斯利康和强生疫苗可能有关的非常罕见的血栓的担忧,将如何影响儿科试验。英国牛津大学暂停了2月份开始的一项针对6-17岁儿童的小规模试验。强生公司(Johnson & Johnson)在4月初宣布,将开始将青少年纳入正在进行的疫苗试验,但由于对血块的调查,该公司暂停了所有试验。

原文出处

COVID vaccines and kids: five questions as trials begin. Ewen Callaway, Nature, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01061-4

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    2021-12-01 liye789132251
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    taught

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    emmmm……

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    安全安全安全

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    2021-04-22 ms9000000592248675

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Br J Haematol :万万想不到,一名霍奇金淋巴瘤患者感染SARS-CoV-2后体内肿瘤竟然消退了

研究人员猜测可能是SARS-CoV-2感染引发了患者体内的抗肿瘤免疫反应,从而导致霍金奇淋巴瘤的消退,作用机制可能是病原体特异性T细胞与肿瘤抗原的交叉反应以及感染时产生的炎性细胞因子激活自然杀伤细胞。

Sci Adv :还在熬夜吗?科学家发现昼夜节律紊乱,将损害免疫反应,加快癌细胞增殖!

研究昼夜节律,在医学上有着十分重要的意义,并对生物学的基础理论研究起着促进作用。最近有一项新研究表明,慢性时差会改变肿瘤细胞周围的微环境,使其对肿瘤的生长更有利,也阻碍了人体的自然免疫防御。

Nature:终于知道癌细胞为啥那么“豪横”了,原来是它们更能“抢食”

密歇根大学的一支研究团队指出,一种称为蛋氨酸的氨基酸对T细胞的活力和功能影响最大,由于肿瘤细胞比T细胞更擅长“夺取”这种营养物质,造成T细胞中蛋氨酸含量较低,进而改变了组蛋白的修饰模式。

Nature:吃完东西肚子疼?可能是肠胃局部过敏了……

肠易激综合征(IBS)主要表现为腹痛及肠道活动规律改变,其标志性症状是异常疼痛信号或内脏过敏 (VHS)。据报道,全世界有多达20%的人在饭后出现胃肠道症状。

Ear Nose Throat J:抗内皮细胞自身抗体和免疫反应在急性低音听力损失中的作用

免疫与急性低音听力丧失有关。然而,人们对免疫介导的急性低音听力损失的确切病理生理学仍不清楚。在本研究中,来自复旦大学等单位的科学家评估了抗内皮细胞抗体(AECAs)在急性低频听力损失患者中的存在、治疗