Neurobiology of Stress:应激诱导背内侧前额叶皮层的小胶质细胞相关突触回路改变

2021-06-02 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

应激诱导的神经胶质-突触相互作用的变化使得dmPFC的突触损失,导致神经元回路缺陷和认知灵活性受损。

应激在现代生活中很常见。应激的有害影响范围从焦虑水平增加到认知障碍,是许多精神疾病的主要风险因素,包括精神分裂症、广泛性焦虑障碍、重度抑郁障碍、双相情感障碍和创伤后应激障碍。应激会损害大脑多个区域和回路的结构和功能。前额叶皮层(PFC)是一个在许多精神疾病中受到影响的大脑区域,是应激的主要神经病理目标之一。PFC与许多皮质和皮质下区域相连,有助于多种认知功能。与感觉运动皮质相比,PFC的发育是漫长的,在人类的生命中,它的成熟会持续到第三个十年。因此,青春期的PFC紊乱可能是神经精神疾病易感性的基础。啮齿动物的PFC有几个具有不同连接和功能的子区域。其中,背内侧PFC (dmPFC)在自主行动和适应性行动选择的灵活控制中起着关键作用。dmPFC神经元的活动可以传递关于过去选择和结果的信息和dmPFC去除或失活损害线索引导的行动。然而,williamhill asia 对应激如何影响dmPFC的知识有限,尽管它在更高的认知功能方面非常突出。哺乳动物背内侧前额叶皮层(dmPFC)接收不同的输入信息,并在适应行为和认知灵活性中发挥重要作用。应激是许多精神疾病的主要风险因素,它会损害大脑多个区域和回路的结构和功能。

 

7d 束缚应激(RS)减少了分枝,增加了dmPFC中小胶质细胞的过程动态。(A)Iba1免疫组织化学在控制和小鼠小鼠的代表性图像。(B)控制dmPFC和RS小鼠的小胶质细胞密度。(C)控制和小鼠小鼠的显微神经结构三维重建。(D),总过程长度(D),分支点(E)的个数,控制和RS小鼠的dmPFC小胶质细胞终端点(F)的数量。(G)对控制和小鼠小胶质细胞过程的Sholl分析。(H)控制和小鼠的小胶质细胞体大小。(I)从对照组和RS小鼠的小胶质细胞的体内2P图像。箭头和箭头表示动态变化。(J)小胶质细胞末端过程的净长度变化超过30分钟。(K)小胶质细胞的平均终端动力学超过5分钟。**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001。

小胶质细胞接触使树突棘更容易消除。(A)随着时间的推移,共成像树突棘(青色)和小胶质突(洋红色)显示了小胶质与树突和棘的动态接触。箭头和箭头分别指向树突状干和棘,与小胶质细胞有接触。(B)小胶质细胞突起接触的树突段长度百分比。(C)与小胶质细胞接触的棘的百分比。(D)同一树突和接触小胶质细胞1d共成像的例子,显示小胶质细胞接触的脊柱消失(插图中的箭头)。(E)有和没有小胶质细胞接触的棘在1d内消除的百分比*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001。n =分析的成像区域(B, C)或小鼠(E)的数量。比例尺:1 μm。

该实验发现7天的束缚应激会损害4-选择气味辨别测试中的逆向学习,这是一个需要完整dmPFC的决策任务体内双光子成像进一步揭示了应激增加了dmPFC树突棘的消除,特别是蘑菇状的,而不影响棘突的形成。此外,应激改变了dmPFC小胶质细胞的分支复杂性,并提高了它们的最终过程动力学。在应激小鼠中,dmPFC小胶质细胞更频繁地接触树突,有小胶质细胞接触的树突棘易于消除。该研究发现,dmPFC4-选择任务中被激活,而dmPFC的双向药物遗传失活增加了逆转阶段的持续性错误,这与早期在啮齿动物身上的病变研究一致(JohnsonWilbrecht, 2011)。此外,接受7d RS的青少年小鼠表现出了正常的学习最初气味-奖励偶然性的能力,但当这种偶然性在逆转阶段发生改变时,它们会反复返回到之前正确的选择,这一现象让人想起了dmPFC的失活,并与人类研究的结果相一致,即应激以牺牲灵活行为为代价,增强了僵化的习惯行为

总之,该研究表明,应激诱导的神经胶质-突触相互作用的变化使得dmPFC的突触损失,导致神经元回路缺陷和认知灵活性受损。

原文出处

Taohui Liu, Ju Lu, Kacper Lukasiewicz, Bingxing Pan, Yi Zuo,Stress induces microglia-associated synaptic circuit alterations in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex,Neurobiology of Stress,Volume 15,2021,100342,ISSN 2352-2895,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100342.

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