病例分享:心梗之外的无声杀手 ——从1例跌宕起伏的急性胸痛病例说开去

2018-04-05 首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院 高玉龙 李志忠 魏县中医院 王志强 中国医学论坛报今日循环

急性胸痛是急诊内科最常见的疾病。调查发现,急性胸痛在门诊接诊的患者中占20%,在救护车接诊的患者中占69%,在急诊室接诊的患者中占45%。对于急性胸痛首先应明确是否由潜在致死性疾病引起,如急性心肌梗死(AMI)、主动脉夹层(AD)、急性肺栓塞和张力性气胸等,需要在短时间内作出恰当诊断和处理。若误诊或漏诊,会导致严重后果。

急性胸痛是急诊内科最常见的疾病。调查发现,急性胸痛在门诊接诊的患者中占20%,在救护车接诊的患者中占69%,在急诊室接诊的患者中占45%。对于急性胸痛首先应明确是否由潜在致死性疾病引起,如急性心肌梗死(AMI)、主动脉夹层(AD)、急性肺栓塞和张力性气胸等,需要在短时间内作出恰当诊断和处理。若误诊或漏诊,会导致严重后果。

病例简介

入院情况

患者男性,49岁,因“突发胸痛2小时”来诊。患者来诊前2小时于散步中突发心前区疼痛,压迫样、剧烈难以忍受伴大汗,呈阵发性,最长持续30分钟,发作间歇胸痛可完全缓解。

查体

血压85/55 mmHg(双侧肱动脉),心率50次/分,律齐,未及心脏杂音,四肢肢端暖。神志清,双肺呼吸音清,未及干湿音。否认高血压糖尿病史。

心电图示Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段弓背抬高0.05 mv,V4~V6导联ST段下斜形压低0.1~0.2 mv,冠状窦心律(图1)。



图1 入院心电图

急诊处理

给予生理盐水快速补液、多巴胺10μg/kg·min持续滴注、吗啡3 mg iv.对症止痛,并行血常规、肝肾功能、肌钙蛋白I(TNI)和D-二聚体(D-Dimer)检测,等待结果。经治疗后胸痛缓解。来诊后25分钟再次出现剧烈胸痛伴大汗,复查心电图示Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段进一步抬高,并出现Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞(AVB),心率降至40次/分(图2)。诊断为急性下壁心肌梗死、Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞(AVB),加用异丙肾上腺素持续滴注。



图2 来诊后25分钟心电图

诊断明确后,决定行直接经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)及急诊临时起搏器置入术。术前予阿司匹林300 mg、氯吡格雷300 mg嚼服,普通肝素5000 u静推。穿刺股动、静脉,测右股动脉压90 mmHg,心率30次/分,Ⅲ度AVB(给予多巴胺10μg/kg·min、异丙肾上腺素持续滴注),经股静脉置入临时起搏器。冠状动脉造影提示右冠脉(RCA)开口90%狭窄(未见明显血栓)、左冠脉(LAD)远端90%狭窄、左回旋支(LCX)中段70%狭窄。决定于RCA开口行经皮冠脉腔内成形术(PTCA)+支架置入术。

RCA开口以Sprinter 2.5×15球囊14 atm扩张(Door-Balloon时间40分钟),乐普4.0×18 mm支架于RCA开口14 atm扩张,支架内予Dura Star 4.0×15 mm后扩张球囊20 atm扩张,RCA开口无残余狭窄,远端血流TIMIⅢ级(图3)。于RCA开口行球囊扩张后,血压上升至105 mmHg,心率上升至60次/分。患者术中出现室性心动过速,心率140次/分,予胺碘酮150 mg静推后转律,术后胸痛完全缓解,收入监护室。



图3 术中冠脉造影

病情突变及转归

监护室心电图示Ⅱ、Ⅲ、avF导联ST段较前明显恢复,术后1小时停用多巴胺,5小时转为窦性心律并持续存在(图4)。至此,患者临床情况似乎稳定,继续常规抗栓治疗。



图4 术后复查心电图

来诊后2小时

各项实验室检查回报,结果示D-Dimer 5628 ng/ml。此时医生意识到患者D-Dimer异常显著升高,与AMI诊断不匹配,或许有其他诊断可能。急行床旁超声心动检查,见升主动脉内径47 mm,主动脉根部及升主动脉、腹主动脉内径明显增宽,主动脉根部紧邻无冠瓣瓣根处及右冠瓣瓣上见游离剥脱内膜片回声,延伸至腹主动脉,主动脉根部真腔内径31 mm,假腔内径15 mm,主动脉瓣中重度反流。急行主动脉血管造影(CTA),示升主动脉夹层,累及主动脉弓、降主动脉、脾动脉、左肾动脉(图5)。监测心肌标志物,不符合AMI酶学变化(表1)。



图5 CTA示升主动脉夹层,累及主动脉弓、降主动脉、脾动脉、左肾动脉



距发病5小时

最终诊断为主动脉夹层(AD,A型)、主动脉瓣重度关闭不全,急性下壁心肌梗死、Ⅲ度AVB,急性肾损伤,急性肝损伤。其中急性下壁心肌梗死、急性肾损伤、急性肝损伤均由AD累及所致。明确诊断后急请心脏外科会诊,建议先行内科保守治疗,控制心率及血压。

距发病10余小时

出现急性肝损害、急性肾损害、急性骨骼肌坏死和代谢性酸中毒,联合应用连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT,无肝素)。

距发病42小时

患者突发心跳、呼吸停止,抢救无效死亡。死亡原因为AD破裂。

讨论:AMI和AD一对难兄难弟

AMI和AD临床均可表现为急性胸痛,若出现持续剧烈胸痛伴有以下情况时应怀疑存在AD:

①剧烈疼痛,向背部、下腹部放射明显,吗啡镇痛效果欠佳;

②闻及心脏杂音,特别是主动脉瓣区新出现的杂音;

③突发肾绞痛或血尿,伴肾功能不全;

④四肢脉搏不对称,特别是双上肢血压不对称、血压与休克表现不相符;

⑤心电图及心肌坏死标志物不符合AMI演变过程。总结为3个不对称,胸痛与心电图表现不对称、症状与体征不对称、血压与休克表现不对称。典型AMI和AD患者并不难诊断(表2)。



但对于复杂、合并病例,快速准确地进行临床鉴别较困难,存在以下几个问题:①是AD还是AMI?②若合并,是夹层累及冠脉导致AMI,或是AD应激诱发AMI,或是两者平行存在?③若患者已有冠心病或心肌梗死病史,再发严重胸痛,能不能克服惯性思维,想到AD可能?

反思及体会

该患者在初始阶段主要表现为急性下壁心肌梗死,经直接PCI治疗后胸痛暂时缓解、生命体征暂时稳定,但随着诊断、治疗的推进不断有疑问产生,胸痛剧烈程度为何与心电图变化不匹配?右冠脉造影显示的血栓负荷情况为何与心肌梗死疾病不匹配?D-Dimer异常显著升高为何与AMI诊断不匹配?以上临床情况与客观检查的不匹配,即使在胸痛和生命体征好转后仍不能得到解释。随着最终诊断的水落石出,以上疑问也迎刃而解,原来急性下壁心肌梗死、急性肾损伤、急性肝损伤的根本原因都是AD。

从该病例中笔者得到以下体会。AD合并AMI时鉴别困难,仍可从以下6个方面进行鉴别:

心电图非典型心肌梗死表现,且与胸痛程度不匹配;

AMI合并四肢动脉血压不对称、主动脉瓣关闭不全、与心肌梗死不相关的意识障碍、肾功能不全应警惕AD;

AMI合并D-Dimer异常严重升高应警惕AD;

AMI时,X线胸片提示纵隔增宽应警惕AD;

AMI时,超声心动图示升主动脉内径>45 mm应警惕AD;

PCI术中常规透视纵隔,若发现纵隔增宽,行升主动脉造影明确AD。

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    2018-04-07 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献.学习了

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303520, encodeId=352830352064, content=好文献.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Sat Apr 07 09:52:04 CST 2018, time=2018-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303429, encodeId=a043303429d2, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Apr 07 05:51:18 CST 2018, time=2018-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303011, encodeId=70d6303011a7, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIRnfJeQ8n84ACFOgd5y6X8HzYhicIA5D5QztWZOn8iaFT9V2XGH0j4UxHDN5Mnbyd1T5vdhedNo7uw/132, createdBy=184a2152523, createdName=焦裕峰, createdTime=Thu Apr 05 14:19:05 CST 2018, time=2018-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303007, encodeId=82da30300e79, content=学习了.获益匪浅.感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/02/27/c53a212859edcad4f60a54feffff50bb.jpg, createdBy=67cf1525321, createdName=13718711b3m, createdTime=Thu Apr 05 13:19:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303006, encodeId=d3f630300616, content=学习主动脉夹层和心肌梗塞的鉴别, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Thu Apr 05 13:18:13 CST 2018, time=2018-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303005, encodeId=b6913030052b, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Thu Apr 05 12:55:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-07 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

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    2018-04-05 焦裕峰

    学习了

    0

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    2018-04-05 13718711b3m

    学习了.获益匪浅.感谢分享

    0

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    2018-04-05 flysky120

    学习主动脉夹层和心肌梗塞的鉴别

    0

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    2018-04-05 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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