为什么微生物研究近期在医疗科技界火的一塌糊涂?

2015-12-01 周伦 奇点网原创文章

你知道吗,看上去独立自主的williamhill asia ,实际上是微生物的“殖民地”。大量的研究表明,williamhill asia 体内寄居着数万亿计的微生物,数量比构成人体的细胞数还多,把它们放在一起大概有3斤重,跟williamhill asia 的大脑相当。实际上,这些微生物不光是体量跟大脑相当,它们的重要性也不可小觑。一直以来,它们都是被williamhill asia 忽视的一个重要“器官”。直到今天,williamhill asia 才发现生活在williamhill asia 体内的微生物对williamhill asia 的健康有重要作用。例如肠道菌群失衡会导致身体和精神上的

你知道吗,看上去独立自主的williamhill asia ,实际上是微生物的“殖民地”。大量的研究表明,williamhill asia 体内寄居着数万亿计的微生物,数量比构成人体的细胞数还多,把它们放在一起大概有3斤重,跟williamhill asia 的大脑相当。实际上,这些微生物不光是体量跟大脑相当,它们的重要性也不可小觑。一直以来,它们都是被williamhill asia 忽视的一个重要“器官”。直到今天,williamhill asia 才发现生活在williamhill asia 体内的微生物对williamhill asia 的健康有重要作用。例如肠道菌群失衡会导致身体和精神上的一些列疾病。

 

那么寄居在williamhill asia 肠道的微生物是打哪儿来的呢?话得从娘胎里说起。

长期以来,研究员一直认为孕育在子宫里的胎儿肠道是无菌的。但是近期的研究表明,胎盘、羊水和脐带里都有微生物存在,孕育中的婴儿肠道中也有微生物定殖,但是科学家并不清楚它们是如何进去的。研究人员猜想:小朋友在娘胎里可能会喝羊水。

在小朋友出生的时候,进入肠道的微生物就大不相同了。更有意思的是,居然还跟婴儿的出生方式有关,如果是顺产,婴儿出生后肠道定殖的主要是母亲阴道菌群,如果是剖腹产,婴儿出生后肠道定殖的主要是母亲皮肤菌群。可别小看这种差异,这种不同可能会对小朋友的健康产生不同的影响。

至于出生之后,肠道菌群的来源就多了去了,母乳及其他食物和一切能啃的东西。但是到3岁左右,小孩子的肠道菌群就已经接近成人了。

 

尽管肠道菌群的研究时间并不是很长,但得益于近几年来基因测序技术、计算机技术和系统生物学技术的发展,肠道微生物的研究已经小有成就。目前至少发现十余类疾病与肠道微生物有关。田埂老师在《肠道微生物-你的健康我做主》一文中,全面的盘点了肠道微生物与各种疾病之间的关系,大家可以搜搜看,我这里就不赘述了。

普林斯顿大学Rob Knight教授2014年初在TED的演讲,通俗易懂地介绍了微生物与人体健康之间的关系。这个短片会告诉你为什么有些人更招蚊子,为什么不能滥用抗生素,你服用的药物对你有害还是有益,顺产和剖宫产对小孩子的影响,甚至你更愿意和谁上床。

你可别以为对人体微生物的研究仅仅停留在实验室阶段,实际上有的产品已经上临床了,有的产品已经获FDA批准了,有的公司甚至已经IPO了。你看,他们来了!

微生物组诊疗领域的豪华IPO已然开启了

成立于2010年的Seres Therapeutics,主要治疗微生物生态失衡引起的疾病。2012年Seres从Flagship VentureLabs毕业,先后获得4轮融资,累计超过1.3亿美元。

Seres目前处于临床II期的微生物混合药物SER-109,主要用于治疗艰难梭菌感染(Clostridium Difficile Infection,CDI)引起的肠道疾病的治疗。CDI被美国疾控中心列在最具威胁的耐药菌前三,美国每年有8.5~11万人受该病的困扰,其中有2.9万人因患CDI丧命,在所有医院引起的感染中,CDI导致的死亡人数最多。

今年6月12日,SER-109获得FDA“突破性治疗”称号。Seres迅速于同月25日宣布IPO,共筹得1.34亿美元。8月21日,SER-109又被FDA评定为治疗成人CDI的“孤儿药”。

Seres认为CDI的发生主要是因为肠道菌群失衡,如果肠道菌群保持平衡,williamhill asia 的身体完全有能力抵抗Clostridium Difficile的侵染。因此,SER-109要做的就是帮助人体重新建立平衡的微生物生态。

在SER-109出现之前,FDA批准用于治疗CDI的药物只有抗生素。然而,抗生素的使用是有一定风险的,它不仅会进一步导致肠道微生物的失衡,还有可能加重CDI的抗药性。SER-109是目前第一种被FDA肯定的微生物药物。SER-109的临床I期数据显示,临床治愈率高达97%,临床II期数据将于2016年出炉。

实际上人体的微生物生态跟大自然的生态是类似的。在自然界,任何一个物种的消长都会打破原始生态的平衡,甚至对原来的生态带来灭顶之灾。自然界的生物之间都是环环相扣,互相制约,共同缔造了生态的平衡。在人体内,各种微生物之间的关系也一样,环环相扣,互相制约,任何一种微生物的消长都可能会引起人体的疾病。SER-109正是利用这一原理,将外源微生物引入人体,重建人体微生物生态的平衡。

当然,除了SER-109之外,Seres还有另外几款药物在研发中。其中有一款药物用于治疗2型糖尿病等代谢类疾病。

微生物也要插足癌症治疗了

相较于Seres主攻微生物生态失衡导致的感染和代谢类疾病,今年11月毕业于Flagship VentureLabs的Evelo Therapeutics则显得更有野心,因为他们要用微生物治疗癌症。

说起微生物治疗,你也许并不陌生,前不久FDA不就批准了首个溶瘤病毒药物么。还有1976年美国首次报道的,用卡介苗(活的无毒牛型结核杆菌,最开始用于预防肺结核)经膀胱灌注,对膀胱癌有良好疗效,目前这一方法也用了几十年了。更早的还有十九世纪末期,William Coley医生用化脓性链球菌辅助治疗癌症,尽管效果不稳定,但还是让人们看到了微生物的治疗潜力。但是随着后来放化疗的兴起,这种方法也就被搁置了。

今天,Evelo使用的方法既不是溶瘤病毒,也不是改造后的单一细菌,而是用跟它“师兄”Seres类似的未经改造的混合微生物。

随着近几年测序技术的高速发展,大部分公司在研发抗癌药物时,都专注于单个基因的靶向药物,越来越忽视系统的看待人体的生物学变化。(诶,越来越像老中医了)

其实,现在williamhill asia 都知道癌组织中的基因变异是非常多的。就在本月初,中科院北京基因组所在PNAS上发表的深度肿瘤基因组测序研究成果已经表明:在一个直径约3.5厘米的肿瘤中就携带了上亿个基因编码区的突变,几千倍于以往的估算值,海量的遗传变异“淹没了”肿瘤治疗之效。

这就意味着你面对的是一个十分复杂的系统啊,针对某一个靶点设计的药物,极有可能挂一漏万。所以williamhill asia 心中似乎就有一个大大的疑问了,“现在针对于单基因位点的靶向药物真的精准吗?”实际上,在面对特定的基因变异时,靶向药物的作用也是有限的,并不能彻底根除癌症。

Evelo要做的就是把一个微生物群体输送到患者体内,这种做法会带来许多变化,于是限制就少了很多。但是如此一来,Evelo就不得不面对一个现实,他们有可能一时半会儿搞不清楚这要为什么有效,或者为什么无效。此时此刻突然想起了之前看过KK写的《失控》,那些试图恢复生态的科学家都面临一个艰难的问题:一种生物的进入时间,或者一系列生物的进入顺序,都会对环境产生较大的影响。尽管过程很艰难,但是研究人员的坚持,还是在一定程度上使得已被破坏的生态系统得以恢复。

11月初,Evelo与芝加哥大学联合在《Science》上撰文称:某些肠道的微生物混合物会大大提高免疫检查点治疗的疗效。在小鼠的实验中,采用这种联合治疗的方法,小鼠的肿瘤几乎被根除。我估计应该是这个好消息给了Flagship Venture勇气,一咬牙出资3500万美元,成立了Evelo Therapeutics。

Evelo的研究人员认为,微生物在肿瘤的治疗中起作用有两个原因,一是微生物可以直接杀死肿瘤细胞;二是特定的微生物可以扰乱肿瘤的微环境,给免疫细胞攻击肿瘤细胞扫除了障碍。尤其是第二点,给了肿瘤免疫治疗公司很大的想象空间。可以想象,在不久的将来,各大免疫治疗的公司都会向Evelo伸出橄榄枝。

Evelo目前正在进行药物的临床前实验,但是他们拒绝透露具体的临床时间。

便便也可以放“银行”存起来了

你有没有想过,虽然这些微生物治疗都有一定的研究基础了,但是最多都是在临床阶段啊,williamhill asia 什么时候才能受益呢?

其实有很多人已经受益了,因为FDA已经批准OpenBiome的Clostridium Difficile感染(CDI)FMT治疗了。

你问我什么是FMT治疗?说出来吓死你。粪便移植治疗(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)!如果恶心到你了,请你先别忙着吐,因为FMT(我就不再提那个词了,你记住是FMT就行)已经救了几百人的命了。据报道,去年在浙大医学院附属儿童医院有个小朋友肠道出血,在各种手段都无效的情况下,FMT大显神威,把他治好了。具体过程我就不描述了,但肯定没你想的那么恶心啦!

据OpenBiome官网介绍,它是家非盈利的“粪便银行”。这个“银行”(本来打算叫“粪行”的,可感觉有点儿不尊重人家)主要做两件事:FMT和人体微生物的研究。

FMT我就不过多的介绍了,原理上跟Seres差不多,都是利用混合微生物重建肠道菌群平衡(微生物之间是互相制衡的),只不过一个是移植,一个是口服或者注射。OpenBiome和Seres一直以来都在说对方的风凉话,竞争都是这样吗?

我简单介绍下粪便的捐献。起初我以为捐献粪便应该时间很简单的事情,只要你健康就完了,比献血应该简单多了。可是OpenBiome告诉williamhill asia ,捐献粪便,肯真是件挺困难的事儿,按照OpenBiome的要求,我估计很多健康人都不达标。

 

图中数十种微生物的检测指标就不说了,有意思的是还要调查你之前什么时间都去过哪里。比如一九九几年的时候,你是不是去过欧洲啊?因为欧洲那个时候爆发过疯牛病,怕你的便便里还潜伏有病原物。其他疫情都是一样的。

整个捐献过程长达60天。要经过5轮的便便、临床、血液检查,最终才能确认捐献者的便便是不是合格。

 

实际上,除了上述三家又代表性的机构和公司外,至少还有十余家机构在从事微生物治疗的研究,它们基本都是刚刚起步。从上面的介绍也可以看出,目前研究和临床主要集中在微生物失衡导致的感染类疾病(CDI),对于微生物与复杂疾病(糖尿病、精神性疾病、癌症)之间的关系,一时半会儿真的很难说清楚,而且也基本没有确切的人体证据证明二者之间的关系确定(因果关系)。

今年哥德堡大学的Wu Hao等在Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism全面的综述了微生物与人类健康的关系。在文末,他们对微生物的研究提出了下面几个问题

什么样的菌群才是健康的菌群?
微生物菌群在免疫和代谢平衡中的作用是什么?
面对一个异常的微生物群,williamhill asia 该如何纠正,以预防或者治疗疾病?
肠道微生物群与疾病之间如何联系起来的?

这些问题环环相扣,需要更加深入的研究。随着计算机技术和测序技术的进步,我相信这些问题的答案会逐渐呈现在williamhill asia 面前。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1824614, encodeId=8ebe1824614e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=702a5065860' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微生物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50658, encryptionId=702a5065860, topicName=微生物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Thu Jul 07 12:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51884, encodeId=4ecf51884b1, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=155, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Mon Jan 04 22:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50227, encodeId=11b95022e1e, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 15:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49593, encodeId=405a495938f, content=很,很值得很值得好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 20:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49284, encodeId=1b39492840e, content=好文章,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=168, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44561, encodeId=43ca4456198, content=点评好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xSHQO6hUsLfmSqiaQiceT0D77ib0rXiblAIwyTo0iciakSAGHE0nfEpNHl9icHMY6tKTW3kFdWSwKcWGvneZHicqoJsI5V/0, createdBy=2a221626427, createdName=王新春, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 17:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1536839, encodeId=880715368397b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85dc3511216' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗科技#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35112, encryptionId=85dc3511216, topicName=医疗科技)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=512412728529, createdName=mnda, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 05:24:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44369, encodeId=e6c744369e3, content=第九系统, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=974f1667182, createdName=杨晨舟, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 08:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44294, encodeId=bbef442943f, content=ngs, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Tue Dec 01 19:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-04 xyfg98

    好文章

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1824614, encodeId=8ebe1824614e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=702a5065860' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微生物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50658, encryptionId=702a5065860, topicName=微生物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Thu Jul 07 12:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51884, encodeId=4ecf51884b1, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=155, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Mon Jan 04 22:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50227, encodeId=11b95022e1e, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 15:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49593, encodeId=405a495938f, content=很,很值得很值得好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 20:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49284, encodeId=1b39492840e, content=好文章,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=168, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44561, encodeId=43ca4456198, content=点评好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xSHQO6hUsLfmSqiaQiceT0D77ib0rXiblAIwyTo0iciakSAGHE0nfEpNHl9icHMY6tKTW3kFdWSwKcWGvneZHicqoJsI5V/0, createdBy=2a221626427, createdName=王新春, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 17:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1536839, encodeId=880715368397b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85dc3511216' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗科技#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35112, encryptionId=85dc3511216, topicName=医疗科技)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=512412728529, createdName=mnda, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 05:24:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44369, encodeId=e6c744369e3, content=第九系统, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=974f1667182, createdName=杨晨舟, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 08:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44294, encodeId=bbef442943f, content=ngs, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Tue Dec 01 19:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-29 xyfg98

    赞一个

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1824614, encodeId=8ebe1824614e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=702a5065860' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微生物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50658, encryptionId=702a5065860, topicName=微生物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Thu Jul 07 12:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51884, encodeId=4ecf51884b1, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=155, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Mon Jan 04 22:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50227, encodeId=11b95022e1e, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 15:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49593, encodeId=405a495938f, content=很,很值得很值得好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 20:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49284, encodeId=1b39492840e, content=好文章,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=168, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44561, encodeId=43ca4456198, content=点评好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xSHQO6hUsLfmSqiaQiceT0D77ib0rXiblAIwyTo0iciakSAGHE0nfEpNHl9icHMY6tKTW3kFdWSwKcWGvneZHicqoJsI5V/0, createdBy=2a221626427, createdName=王新春, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 17:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1536839, encodeId=880715368397b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85dc3511216' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗科技#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35112, encryptionId=85dc3511216, topicName=医疗科技)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=512412728529, createdName=mnda, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 05:24:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44369, encodeId=e6c744369e3, content=第九系统, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=974f1667182, createdName=杨晨舟, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 08:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44294, encodeId=bbef442943f, content=ngs, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Tue Dec 01 19:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-27 忠诚向上

    很,很值得很值得好学习

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1824614, encodeId=8ebe1824614e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=702a5065860' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微生物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50658, encryptionId=702a5065860, topicName=微生物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Thu Jul 07 12:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51884, encodeId=4ecf51884b1, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=155, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Mon Jan 04 22:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50227, encodeId=11b95022e1e, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 15:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49593, encodeId=405a495938f, content=很,很值得很值得好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 20:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49284, encodeId=1b39492840e, content=好文章,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=168, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44561, encodeId=43ca4456198, content=点评好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xSHQO6hUsLfmSqiaQiceT0D77ib0rXiblAIwyTo0iciakSAGHE0nfEpNHl9icHMY6tKTW3kFdWSwKcWGvneZHicqoJsI5V/0, createdBy=2a221626427, createdName=王新春, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 17:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1536839, encodeId=880715368397b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85dc3511216' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗科技#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35112, encryptionId=85dc3511216, topicName=医疗科技)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=512412728529, createdName=mnda, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 05:24:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44369, encodeId=e6c744369e3, content=第九系统, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=974f1667182, createdName=杨晨舟, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 08:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44294, encodeId=bbef442943f, content=ngs, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Tue Dec 01 19:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-27 hixiaoluo

    好文章,值得收藏

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1824614, encodeId=8ebe1824614e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=702a5065860' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微生物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50658, encryptionId=702a5065860, topicName=微生物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Thu Jul 07 12:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51884, encodeId=4ecf51884b1, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=155, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Mon Jan 04 22:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50227, encodeId=11b95022e1e, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 15:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49593, encodeId=405a495938f, content=很,很值得很值得好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 20:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49284, encodeId=1b39492840e, content=好文章,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=168, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44561, encodeId=43ca4456198, content=点评好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xSHQO6hUsLfmSqiaQiceT0D77ib0rXiblAIwyTo0iciakSAGHE0nfEpNHl9icHMY6tKTW3kFdWSwKcWGvneZHicqoJsI5V/0, createdBy=2a221626427, createdName=王新春, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 17:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1536839, encodeId=880715368397b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85dc3511216' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗科技#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35112, encryptionId=85dc3511216, topicName=医疗科技)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=512412728529, createdName=mnda, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 05:24:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44369, encodeId=e6c744369e3, content=第九系统, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=974f1667182, createdName=杨晨舟, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 08:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44294, encodeId=bbef442943f, content=ngs, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Tue Dec 01 19:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-03 王新春

    点评好!

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1824614, encodeId=8ebe1824614e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=702a5065860' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微生物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50658, encryptionId=702a5065860, topicName=微生物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Thu Jul 07 12:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=51884, encodeId=4ecf51884b1, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=155, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Mon Jan 04 22:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50227, encodeId=11b95022e1e, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 15:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49593, encodeId=405a495938f, content=很,很值得很值得好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 20:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49284, encodeId=1b39492840e, content=好文章,值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=168, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bc301610909, createdName=hixiaoluo, createdTime=Sun Dec 27 12:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44561, encodeId=43ca4456198, content=点评好!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xSHQO6hUsLfmSqiaQiceT0D77ib0rXiblAIwyTo0iciakSAGHE0nfEpNHl9icHMY6tKTW3kFdWSwKcWGvneZHicqoJsI5V/0, createdBy=2a221626427, createdName=王新春, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 17:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1536839, encodeId=880715368397b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85dc3511216' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗科技#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35112, encryptionId=85dc3511216, topicName=医疗科技)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=512412728529, createdName=mnda, createdTime=Thu Dec 03 05:24:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44369, encodeId=e6c744369e3, content=第九系统, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=974f1667182, createdName=杨晨舟, createdTime=Wed Dec 02 08:44:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44294, encodeId=bbef442943f, content=ngs, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Tue Dec 01 19:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-03 mnda
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    2015-12-02 杨晨舟

    第九系统

    0

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    2015-12-01 cmn

    ngs

    0

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2015年更火的医疗科技有哪些?

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