咯血的治疗药物选用及注意事项

2020-01-19 高丽丽 医学之声

咯血是喉及喉以下呼吸道任何部位的出血,经口腔排出的一种临床症状,通常规定24h内咯血大于500mL(或1次咯血量100mL以上)为大量咯血,100-500mL为中等量咯血,小于100mL为小量咯血。其中支气管扩张、结核、肺曲霉菌病、坏死性肺炎、隐源性咯血和肺癌被认为是大咯血最常见的原因。

咯血是喉及喉以下呼吸道任何部位的出血,经口腔排出的一种临床症状,通常规定24h内咯血大于500mL(或1次咯血量100mL以上)为大量咯血,100-500mL为中等量咯血,小于100mL为小量咯血。其中支气管扩张、结核、肺曲霉菌病、坏死性肺炎、隐源性咯血和肺癌被认为是大咯血最常见的原因。

止血药物根据作用机制的不同,可分为血凝酶、抗纤维蛋白溶解剂、作用于血小板的止血药物、作用于血管血管壁的止血药物、促进凝血因子合成药物、直接补充凝血因子的药物、促进凝血因子活性药物、抑酸剂、生长抑素及其类似物、血管升压素及其类似物、促宫缩药物等。

其中咯血治疗药物可选垂体后叶素、血凝酶,两类药物可联用,加强止血效果;其他可选卡络磺钠、肾上腺色腙、酚磺乙胺、抗纤维蛋白溶解剂、维生素K、血小板悬液、冻干血浆、凝血酶原复合物等,在大咯血急救时作用较弱,可用于大咯血后续止血的处理;其他用于止血的药物如酚妥拉明、利多卡因、普鲁卡因、654-2等扩血管药物可根据病情酌情使用。其中氨甲苯酸和酚磺乙胺疗效有限,目前尚无循证医学证据,有时可能会引起血栓形成。


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