Brain:自闭症儿童在胎儿时可能存在异常产前超声征象

2022-03-10 许芊芊 奇点网

孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD),即大众熟悉的“自闭症”,目前尚无有效预防措施。因此如何在更早期识别自闭症的征象并尽早干预,一直是儿科

孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD),即大众熟悉的“自闭症”,目前尚无有效预防措施。因此如何在更早期识别自闭症的征象并尽早干预,一直是儿科神经、精神病学、甚至产科学关注的重点。

近期,牛津旗下Brain杂志发表了来自以色列内盖夫本古里安大学和索罗卡医疗中心的一项合作研究,他们发现:常规的产前超声检查或许可以识别ASD的早期征象[1]。这也是首次通过胎儿解剖学特征检查全面地表征了ASD患儿的产前器官发育情况。

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孤独症(ASD),又称自闭症,是一种较为严重的发育障碍性疾病。它是一种先天精神疾患,和后天家庭教养无关。该病男女发病率差异显著,在我国男女患病率比例为6—9:1。典型孤独症,其核心症状就是所谓的“三联症”,主要体现为在社会性和交流能力、语言能力、仪式化的刻板行为三个方面同时都具有本质的缺损。其主要症状为: 1、社会交流障碍:一般表现为缺乏与他人的交流或交流技巧,与父母亲之间缺乏安全依恋关系等;2、语言交流障碍:语言发育落后,或者在正常语言发育后出现语言倒退,或语言缺乏交流性质; 3、重复刻板行为。 不典型孤独症则在前述三个方面不全具有缺陷,只具有其中之一或之二。

目前的ASD诊断仍然依靠行为症状,日常生活中ASD儿童的一些症状在早期较不典型,容易被忽略而延误诊断,因而未能及时进行干预。

越来越多的研究发现,ASD的初始征象可能出现在儿童生命早期,甚至可能在出生前就存在且ASD可能与不同身体部位的胚胎器官发育异常相关,从而导致ASD儿童的出生后畸形。因此学界开始关注ASD儿童的胎儿期器官发育,若能实现ASD产前诊断,意味着出生后即可能开始干预治疗,而不是等到2-3岁甚至更晚。

但目前仍没有能够证实胎儿异常后期发展成ASD的有力证据,且既往大多数研究都是通过中、晚孕期的生物学指标来进行分析,鲜有研究监测ASD儿童的胎儿期器官发育情况。

因此该团队决定结合ASD儿童的产前超声检查数据开展回顾性病例对照研究,并按出生年份、性别和种族匹配,将ASD儿童与其发育正常的年龄相近兄弟姐妹(typically developing, closest-in-age siblings,TDS)及一般人群儿童(typically developing children from the [general] population,TDP)进行比较,以研究超声检查的胎儿异常(Ultrasonography Fetal Anomalies,UFAs)与ASD之间的相关性[1]。

产前超声是一种常用的妊娠监测工具。在产检过程中,胎儿解剖学结构的超声检查是至关重要的一步,一般在孕20-24周进行,俗称“排畸”检查,在检查过程中可以发现胎儿生理结构的大小异常,并为进一步异常原因的筛查提供依据。

截至2020年2月,以色列孤独症研究中心(NARCI)共诊断了704例ASD儿童,其中有237例(34%)具有产前超声检查数据。匹配入组后,该研究团队总共纳入659例儿童进行分析,其中ASD 229例,TDS 201例,TDP 229例(图4)。

 

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图-4 研究入组示意图

 

他们首先发现,有29.3%的ASD儿童存在UFA,显著高于TDS、TDP中的比例(TDS 15.9%,aOR=2.23;TDP 9.6%,aOR=3.50,并且ASD儿童中存在多重结构异常的比例也更高(7%,vs TDS 2%,p=0.014;vs TDP 0.9%,p=0.001)。(图5)

图片

图-5 各组间UFA(A)及具体器官系统(B)异常比例柱状图

ASD儿童中最常见的UFA类型为泌尿系统异常(12.8%)和心脏异常(12.1%),其次为头颅/大脑(5.7%)、四肢(3.1%)、血管(2.7%)和消化道(0.9%)异常。心脏异常与ASD发病具有显著相关性(vs TDS: aOR Heart=3.72;vs TDP:aOR Heart=8.67)。泌尿系统异常也同样存在相关性(vs TDS: aOR Urinary=2.08;vs TDP:aOR Urinary=2.90),其中肾盂扩张为最常见的异常类型。颅/大脑异常在ASD儿童中的比例也显著升高(vs TDS: aOR Head&Brain=1.96;vs TDP:aOR Head&Brain=4.67)。(图6)

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图-6 各组间不同部位超声异常比较柱状图

紧接着研究团队分析了更细节的超声指标,他们发现,与TDP胎儿相比,ASD胎儿的头颅更窄(aOR HC[头围]=0.76; aOR BPD[双顶径]=0.81),且眼距相对较宽(aOR Ocular Distance=1.29)。

而对于ASD的性别差异,统计结果显示ASD女婴的UFA显著多于男婴(43.1% vs. 25.3%,p = 0.013),且女婴ASD多重结构异常的发生率也较高(15.7% vs. 4.5%,p = 0.011),而在TDS和TDP对照中未观察到性别差异。

最后研究团队检测UFA及超声测量指标与ASD严重程度之间的相关性(图7)。

图片

图-7 UFA与ASD病情相关性分析表

结果显示,胎儿心脏异常与较早的ASD诊断年龄存在显著相关性(p=0.031),产检时发现心脏异常的ASD儿童诊断年龄较无心脏异常的ASD儿童提早6个月(33.6±11.7 vs. 39.4±16.5月, p=0.031),而头颅/脑部异常则与DSM5-A指标评分相关(p=0.017),存在这类产检异常的ASD儿童在诊断时社交障碍更为严重,说明UFA与ASD的病情严重程度存在一定关系。

总的来说,该研究首次通过ASD患儿产前检查的排畸超声数据进行分析,并与儿童的健康兄弟姐妹及一般人群中发育正常儿童的超声数据进行对比,为ASD的胚胎发育异常提供了重要线索,并提出了可能预示ASD的产前超声指标。

不过,williamhill asia 医学也指出,自闭症的产前诊断,仍然存在很大的挑战,这项研究仅仅是初步结果,未来还需要更多的数据进行证实,目前的超声征象并不是特别明显。同时,自闭症的成因极为复杂,一度认为高知家庭更容易发生,因此,还被称为“硅谷病”,有报道称硅谷儿童的自闭症发病率是相邻地区的两倍,被称为自闭症的“硅谷现象”。它发生的原因可能与基因遗传有一定的关联,也可能与环境,甚至肠道微生物等相关。通过产检的筛查,仍然在探索之中。

原始出处:

Regev O, Hadar A, Meiri G, et al. Association between ultrasonography foetal anomalies and autism spectrum disorder [published online ahead of print, 2022 Jan 17]. Brain. 2022;awac008. doi:10.1093/brain/awac008
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    2023-02-11 ms5000000464171069 来自山东省

    一堆废话

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    2022-03-10 医者仁者

    #自闭症##孤独症#,发生病因不清楚,这种#产前筛查#想发现,事实上极度困难的,这仅仅是初步研究,不能寄太高希望

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2114121, encodeId=1f3521141215e, content=一堆废话, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fb18121220, createdName=ms5000000464171069, createdTime=Sat Feb 11 15:27:34 CST 2023, time=2023-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1973179, encodeId=829519e3179ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=550a2443846' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#产前超声#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=24438, encryptionId=550a2443846, topicName=产前超声)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=232a2500033, createdName=1249859em38(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Jul 30 00:23:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1201155, encodeId=63aa1201155b3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4266863e7bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#自闭症#</a><a href='/topic/show?id=049e45444c1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#孤独症#</a>,发生病因不清楚,这种<a href='/topic/show?id=aa7324432bf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#产前筛查#</a>想发现,事实上极度困难的,这仅仅是初步研究,不能寄太高希望, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=198, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86377, encryptionId=4266863e7bd, topicName=自闭症), TopicDto(id=45444, encryptionId=049e45444c1, topicName=孤独症), TopicDto(id=24432, encryptionId=aa7324432bf, topicName=产前筛查)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=医者仁者, createdTime=Thu Mar 10 09:25:40 CST 2022, time=2022-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1502607, encodeId=279c150260e28, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef4b2441971' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#产前#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=24419, encryptionId=ef4b2441971, topicName=产前)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b49a9545081, createdName=qilu_qi, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 00:23:21 CST 2022, time=2022-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1527815, encodeId=aefa152e815c7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=68b5863e5d2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#自闭#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86375, encryptionId=68b5863e5d2, topicName=自闭)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Sat Mar 12 00:23:21 CST 2022, time=2022-03-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-03-12 qilu_qi
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