Diabetologia:基于混合闭环系统的成人1型糖尿病餐后血糖控制的饮食决定因素

2021-11-16 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

对于1型糖尿病患者来说,最佳的血糖控制是具有挑战性的,本研究提供的证据表明,不仅CHO的数量,而且膳食的全部营养成分都调节了服用HCLS的1型糖尿病患者的血糖控制。

    对于1型糖尿病患者来说,最佳的血糖控制是具有挑战性的,特别是在餐后时期。碳水化合物(CHO)是餐后血糖反应(PGR)的主要决定因素。然而,越来越多的证据表明其他饮食成分(即蛋白质和脂肪)对PGR的影响。大量摄入膳食蛋白可能会以剂量-反应方式增加PGR,这可能是由于氨基酸转化为葡萄糖。此外,含有等量CHO的膳食中脂肪的数量和质量可能会影响PGR的形状和程度,可能是通过延缓胃排空和降低胰岛素敏感性。进一步提高血糖水平的机制可能与蛋白质和脂肪刺激胰高血糖素有关。这引起了人们对单独使用CHO计数估计餐内胰岛素的有效性的关注。另一方面,CHO计数对于1型糖尿病患者可用的最先进的胰岛素释放形式,即混合闭环系统(HCLS)的功能至关重要。虽然HCLS提供了更好的总体血糖控制和降低低血糖的风险,但由于未能抑制餐后血糖的变化,使用者仍有较大的餐后血糖漂移。因此,餐后血糖控制仍然是目前人工胰腺系统的相关问题,需要解决。HCLS根据基于连续血糖监测(CGM)的算法自动提供基础胰岛素。此外,在HCLS根据膳食CHO量(由个人输入)和预先定义的特定特征(胰岛素敏感度、餐后血糖目标、餐后胰岛素、胰岛素/CHO比率)进行估算后,每个人都会服用一剂胰岛素。关于影响1型糖尿病患者餐后血糖控制的营养因素在HCLSS上的信息很少。最近的一份报告显示,每日较低的CHO摄入量比较高的CHO摄入量能更好地控制每日血糖,而没有数据显示总体膳食营养成分对每日和餐后血糖控制的影响。通过确定营养决定因素和改进HCLSS的算法性能,这些信息可能在临床上与减少餐后血糖漂移有关。因此,williamhill asia 调查了在自由生活条件下服用HCLSS的1型糖尿病患者的全麦饮食结构与餐后血糖控制之间的关系。

     方法:所有服用HCLS的1型糖尿病患者,年龄>18岁,至少有一项7天的食物记录,每日食物摄入量>3350kJ(800千卡),观察期内HCLS自动模式的时间>97%,都符合研究条件。分析中包括的饮食记录是从2019年1月至2020年9月完成的,占1264顿饭(398顿早餐、441顿午餐和425顿晚餐)。分析中包括的饮食和HCLS记录涉及25名参与者(男性12人,女性13人,平均年龄40±12岁,平均±SD糖尿病病程15±11年,平均±SD自动模式持续时间157±138天)。糖化血红蛋白(HbA1)(51±10 mmol/mol[6.9±0.2%])和CGM读数[16](平均值±标准差,[TIR]3.9~10.0 mmol/l,75±15%;[TAR]>10.0 mmol/l,19.4±11%;TAR>13.9 mmol/l,4.5±6.2%;[TBR]<3.9 mmol/l,1.2±2.1%;TBR<3.0 mmol/l,0.3±1.2%)。

     结果早餐、午餐和晚餐在能量和营养摄入以及胰岛素用量方面存在显著差异。餐后血糖峰值在早餐后提前,至午餐和晚餐后4h缓慢升高(p<0.001)。餐后平均进食时间(TIR)早餐(79.3±22.2%)优于午餐(71.30±23.9%)和晚餐(70.0±25.9%)(P<0.001)。显著的负预测因子是总能量摄入量、总蛋白质和单不饱和脂肪酸摄入量百分比、血糖负荷以及胆固醇、碳水化合物和单糖的绝对量(均P<0.05)。午餐时未检测到有意义的TIR预测因素。对于晚餐时的TIR,显著的正向预测因子是植物蛋白摄入量的百分比,而负向预测因子是血糖负荷以及单糖和碳水化合物的摄入量(均P<0.05)。

     综上所述,本研究提供的证据表明,不仅CHO的数量,而且膳食的全部营养成分都调节了服用HCLS的1型糖尿病患者的血糖控制。因此,即使在先进技术时代,全面的营养教育也是优化1型糖尿病患者血糖控制的关键因素。此外,williamhill asia 的发现强调了基于营养感知和个体营养反应的更好执行算法的必要性,这些算法可以允许预测而不是反应驱动的胰岛素输送。

 

文献来源:Vetrani C,  Calabrese I,  Cavagnuolo L,Dietary determinants of postprandial blood glucose control in adults with type 1 diabetes on a hybrid closed-loop system;Diabetologia 2021 Oct 23;

 

 

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临床医生可以通过优化睡眠和夜间维持正常血糖范围来解决睡眠-血糖关系的相互性质。睡眠习惯是糖尿病治疗中可改变的个人目标。

Diabetes Obes Metab:利拉鲁肽治疗1型糖尿病的疗效和安全性

尽管引入了新的胰岛素类似物和血糖监测系统,但对于大多数1型糖尿病患者来说,实现和保持严格的血糖控制仍是困难的。

Diabetologia:2017年1型糖尿病儿童和成人发病和流行病的全球估计

糖尿病是世界卫生组织重点关注的四大非传染性疾病之一。虽然糖尿病包括1型和2型糖尿病,但2型糖尿病由于其与其他非传染性疾病共有的风险因素和更大的经济负担而受到更多的关注。

Diabetes Obes Metab:短期使用达格列净对1型糖尿病患者低血糖意识损害的影响

医源性低血糖是1型糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗最常见的急性并发症。平均而言,1型糖尿病患者每周发生两到三次低血糖事件,每年发生一次严重低血糖事件,定义为认知障碍的出现程度,需要外界帮助才能恢复。

Diabetologia:1型糖尿病患者下肢截肢的危险因素和随时间变化的发病率

糖尿病足部溃疡很常见,通常愈合会延迟,截肢导致的肢体丧失也不罕见。糖尿病患者的下肢截肢(LEA)是导致患者残疾和痛苦的主要原因,并构成医疗保健系统的重大经济负担。