JNNP:帕金森病奖励处理中断及其与多巴胺状态和神经精神综合征的关系-系统评价和荟萃分析

2022-01-09 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

帕金森病 (PD) 是全球增长最快的神经系统疾病 ,估计每年的社会成本与痴呆症相当。 传统上被概念化为运动障碍,非运动症状,包括情绪、认知和动机的中断,很常见,而且比运动症状对健康相关生活质量的负面影

帕金森病 (PD) 是全球增长最快的神经系统疾病 ,估计每年的社会成本与痴呆症相当。 传统上被概念化为运动障碍,非运动症状,包括情绪、认知和动机的中断,很常见,而且比运动症状对健康相关生活质量的负面影响更大。 神经精神综合征在 PD 中很常见。三分之一的患者患有抑郁症,多达二分之一的患者出现冷漠 ,多达四分之一的患者出现与多巴胺能药物相关的冲动控制障碍 (ICD)。目前,人们对精神症状的潜在机制缺乏了解。 奖励处理描述了与强化相关的感知如何指导目标导向的行为。 奖励处理受损是几种精神健康障碍(如抑郁症)的一个突出的跨诊断特征,代表了一个有用的框架,可用于理解与动机相关的症状。美国国家心理健康研究所的研究领域标准将奖赏处理确定为支撑人类功能和精神病理学的六个主要领域之一。  多巴胺在奖赏和激励途径中具有公认的作用。

PD 是由多巴胺能细胞死亡引起的,因此是纹状体和多巴胺功能障碍的模型。  纹状体与前额区以及基底神经节和中脑的其他部分相互连接,形成涉及运动启动和控制的额纹状体回路,认知和情感功能。这些通路也构成了大脑奖赏回路的一部分,负责调节奖赏相关的行为和学习。  PD 中的精神病综合征被认为反映了非运动额纹状体回路的功能障碍;例如,ICD 被认为是通过异常的奖励处理发展起来的,这是由于 PD 基础的奖励处理电路中断和多巴胺激动剂治疗之间的相互作用。  在过去的二十年里,PD 中奖励处理的研究通常使用行为任务来评估三个子过程8:(1)选项评估,当给出关于这些选项的明确信息(例如,奖励、成本和概率); (2) 奖赏反应活力,反映个体为获得奖赏而执行某动作的速度或强度; (3) 强化学习,它描述了个人使用反馈来改变他们未来行为的过程。 

本文报告了对 PD 奖赏处理行为及其与多巴胺替代疗法和相关神经精神综合征的关系的首次系统评价和荟萃分析。目标是:(1)阐明 PD 和健康组之间奖励处理子组件之间差异的性质和程度; (2) 测试多巴胺状态(用药或停药)在 PD 奖赏处理中的作用; (3) 调查伴有和不伴有神经精神综合征的 PD 患者奖励处理的任何差异。本文发表在《神经病学,神经外科学和精神病学杂志》上().

在 Ovid MEDLINE/PubMed、Embase 和 PsycInfo 数据库中搜索了 1946 年 1 月 1 日至 2020 年 11 月 5 日(含)期间发表的文章,其标题或摘要包含以下术语:Parkins* 和(奖励*或动机*或激励*或努力*或deci*)和(精神病或神经精神病或抑郁*或精神病或妄想*或冲动*或情绪或焦虑或冷漠或快感缺乏或幻觉*)。纳入标准如下:(1)病例对照设计; (2) 包括一个没有痴呆或深部脑刺激 (DBS) 的 PD 组(包括 PD 组患有痴呆或 DBS 的参与者的研究被排除在外); (3) 参与者至少年满 18 岁; (4) 参与者执行了奖励处理任务; (5) 任务奖励是明确的,即金钱、积分、水或食物(不包括使用可被视为纯粹信息或社会反馈的结果的研究,例如快乐/悲伤的面孔或正确/不正确的变体,以确保特异性); (6) 研究报告了奖励处理的行为测量数据,该数据可以转换为病例对照标准化平均差 (SMD) 分数。如果没有报告,则要求作者提供数据。 

                               研究流程

确定了 55 项研究,包含 2578 名参与者(1638 名 PD 和 940 名健康对照)。包括评估奖励处理任务的三个子组件类别的研究:选项评估(n=12)、强化学习(n=37)和奖励响应活力(n=6)。在所有研究中,与健康对照组相比,服用药物的 PD 患者表现出中小型损伤(SMD=0.34;95% CI 0.14 至 0.53),在受试者体内设计中观察到多巴胺能药物损伤更大(SMD=0.43, 95% CI 0.29 至 0.57)。受试者内子成分分析显示,在选项估值(SMD=0.57, 95% CI 0.39 至 0.75)和奖励反应活力(SMD=0.36, 95% CI 0.13 至 0.59)任务中,药物处理受损。然而,相反的情况适用于强化学习,相对于健康对照组,服药时受损(SMD=0.45, 95% CI 0.25 到 0.65),但停药时不受损(SMD=0.28, 95% CI -0.03 到 0.59)。 ICD 是唯一有足够研究(n=13)进行荟萃分析的神经精神综合征,但与非 ICD 患者相比,未发现显着损害(SMD=-0.02, 95% CI -0.43 至 0.39)。

奖励处理 (RP)的森林图

本文是对 PD 奖赏处理、相关神经精神综合征和多巴胺能药物影响的第一次系统评价和荟萃分析。在所有 55 项研究中,包括奖励处理的不同子组成部分, 发现 PD 患者相对于健康参与者群体有中小型奖励处理障碍。奖赏处理的受损程度与重度抑郁症报告的相似,在这种情况下,奖赏处理功能失调是“兴趣活动”症状(如快感缺乏)的主要病因候选机制。 还确定了奖赏之间潜在的重要差异处理子成分类别和多巴胺状态的影响。

PD 中的奖赏处理中断因亚成分和多巴胺药物状态而异,值得进一步研究,作为相关神经精神综合征的潜在治疗目标和机制。

Costello HBerry AJReeves S, et al Disrupted reward processing in Parkinson’s disease and its relationship with dopamine state and neuropsychiatric syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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    签到学习

    0

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    2022-11-26 venlin
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    2022-01-11 huagfeg
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    2022-01-10 ms6000000901321532

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