射频消融术后,腿怎么就肿了?

2018-08-15 田颖 KK 医学界心血管频道

64岁,男性患者。于2018-7-19入院,主因“阵发性心悸17年,加重半年”入院。

病例介绍

64岁,男性患者。于2018-7-19入院,主因“阵发性心悸17年,加重半年”入院。

17年前无诱因出现心悸,伴胸闷、气短,有一过性意识丧失,持续约10秒钟意识恢复,休息数分钟后心悸等不适逐渐缓解,约3-6月发作一次,劳累、情绪激动可诱发,未予诊治。

5年前就诊于华西医院,诊断为“预激综合征”,行电生理检查发现希氏束旁道,行射频消融术未成功。

近半年来,心悸症状逐渐加重,发作较前频繁,每月可发作数次,每次可持续数小时。

■既往史:17年前因“左肾结石伴积水”行“左肾切除术”;

■个人史、家族史:无特殊;

■入院后查体:脉搏60次/分、血压119/83mmHg;双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿性啰音和胸膜摩擦音,心率60次/分,律齐,无心包摩擦音,腹软,无压痛、反跳痛,双下肢无水肿。入院心电图见图1。


图1:入院心电图

■入院诊断:心律失常(预激综合征)、左肾切除术后。

总体来说,病史比较简单,无其他内科合并症,遂于2018-7-23号行射频消融术,具体经过可见图2,可以说射频消融还是比较成功的。术后嘱平卧12小时,右下肢沙袋压迫6小时。


图2

但,术后第二天发现患者右下肢肿胀。行下肢静脉超声提示,右下肢深静脉血栓(急性期),左小腿肌间静脉扩张。


下肢静脉超声(2018-7-16)

抛两个问题,来考考你~

1.什么是下肢静脉血栓?如何诊断与治疗?

2.有哪些机制参与该病人的血栓形成?

欲知答案,请继续往下

↓↓↓

什么是下肢静脉血栓?如何诊断与治疗?

深静脉血栓形成(DVT)是血液在深静脉内不正常凝结引发的静脉回流障碍性疾病,常发生与下肢。血栓脱落可引起肺动脉栓塞(PE)。DVT和PE统称为静脉血栓栓塞症,是同种疾病在不同阶段的表现形式。

血流缓慢、静脉壁损伤、血液高凝状态是血栓形成的三大因素。根据发病时间,DVT分为急性期(发病14天以内)、亚急性期(发病15-30天)和慢性期(发病30天以后)。因此,本例患者属于急性期。

DVT的主要临床表现包括疼痛、肿胀及全身反应。

其中,疼痛是最早出现的症状,多出现在小腿腓肠肌、大腿或腹股沟等部位。大多数病人自觉疼痛呈痉挛或紧张感,活动后加剧,卧床休息或抬高患者可减轻。

而肿胀是最主要的表现,除少数因下腔静脉血栓形成而表现为下肢肿胀外,绝大多数为单侧下肢肿胀。

全身反应包括体温升高、心率增快及白细胞计数增高等。

静脉造影准确率高,可以有效判断有无血栓和血栓部位、范围、形成时间和侧支循环情况,目前仍是诊断下肢DVT的金标准。由于超声敏感性、准确性均较高,临床应用广发,是DVT诊断的首选方法,适用于筛查和监测,可在一定程度上代替静脉造影检查。此外,血浆D-二聚体也可用于VTE的筛查、特殊情况下DVT诊断、疗效评估和VTE复发的危险程度评估,但敏感性高、特异性差。

治疗方面来说,目前抗凝、溶栓是DVT的基本治疗。此外,还有手术取栓、机械血栓清除术、下腔静脉滤器(IVCF)、压力治疗等措施。

有哪些机制参与该病人的血栓形成?

该病人具有以下特点:①中年男性患者;②射频消融术后第2天(手术操作静脉内皮损伤);③平卧及右下肢制动(血流缓慢);④查体右下肢肿胀;⑤下肢静脉超声证实右下肢深静脉血栓。

经综合考虑,于2018-7-26为患者行下腔静脉、肺动脉造影术+下腔静脉滤器置入术,左、右肺动脉造影未见明确充盈缺损,术中患者血压平稳、无不适主诉,安返病房。

什么是下腔静脉滤器?

下腔静脉滤器是为预防下腔静脉系统栓子脱落引起肺栓塞的一种装置。

但,下腔静脉滤器植入也不是绝对的安全,会发生滤器阻塞、肺动脉栓塞再发(可发生于任何时候,与患者高凝状态持续存在有关)、滤器移位、滤器折断(少见)、滤器支脚穿透血管壁(常因腹主动脉搏动所致)等并发症。因此,下腔静脉滤器植入后仍需做好评估、随访工作。

敲黑板!DVT,做好预防工作是关键!

下肢静脉血栓形成关键要做好预防工作。

①基本预防:术后尽早下地活动,腿部练习、抬高,多饮水等。②物理预防:足底静脉泵、间歇充气加压装置及梯度压力弹力袜。③药物预防,皮下注射抗凝药物或口服抗凝药物等。

小结

股静脉穿刺后下肢加压、制动的并发症有很多,术后应观察下肢肿胀以及穿刺处局部淤血、血肿和包块等情况,并采取积极的措施治疗;

下肢静脉急性血栓形成后,抗凝、溶栓是关键,必要时植入下腔静脉滤器预防肺栓塞,同时警惕下腔静脉滤器并发症的发生;

下肢静脉血栓形成关键要做好预防工作。

专家介绍


田颖

田颖,医学博士后、副主任医师,现就职于首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院心脏中心。是哈特瑞姆心脏医生集团创始人之一。

学术兼职:中国医师协会心律专业委员会青年委员会副主任委员,北京医学会心电生理与起搏分会青年委员会副主任委员,北京医学会心电生理与起搏分会起搏学组成员,中华医学会心电生理和起搏分会青年委员会委员,中国生物医学工程学会心律学会青年委员会委员,中国医师协会心律专业委员会女医师专业委员会委员,《心电图杂志》编委。

临床专长:主要从事起搏电生理方面的工作,擅长复杂心律失常的介入治疗,尤其是起搏器、心律转复除颤器以及心脏再同步治疗器械植入,曾为年龄超过100岁的“心动过缓”患者行起搏器植入,同时进行房颤、室早、室速、室上速等快速心律失常的射频消融治疗。获得国家自然基金2项,博士后基金1项、省级基金2项以及北京市卫生局学科骨干计划资助。两次赴法国波尔多Haut-Leveque心脏病医院学习。

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