JNNP:慢性炎症性多神经根性尿路病的寡克隆IgG带研究

2021-07-11 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

慢性炎症性脱髓鞘性多神经根神经病(CIDP)是一种获得性免疫介导的炎症性疾病,可能有慢性进行性或复发性过程。诊断取决于临床和神经生理学特征的结合。脑脊液(CSF)蛋白含量升高,定义为蛋白细胞分离,代表

慢性炎症性脱髓鞘性多神经根神经病(CIDP)是一种获得性免疫介导的炎症性疾病,可能有慢性进行性或复发性过程。诊断取决于临床和神经生理学特征的结合。脑脊液(CSF)蛋白含量升高,定义为蛋白细胞分离,是血-脊神经根屏障(B-SNR-B)通透性的标志,但不是CIDP的特异性标志,因此仅被视为支持性诊断标准。脑脊液限制性寡克隆IgG带(OCB)是免疫炎症性中枢神经系统疾病,尤其是多发性硬化症的常见表现,在一些慢性炎症性神经病患者中也有发现,提示鞘内免疫反应的激活与系统性反应同时发生。研究人群主要以格林-巴利综合征(GBS)患者为主,其中只有一小部分CIDP患者。

一些研究还分析了脑脊液单个IgG带,在中特枢神经系统炎症性疾病中更为常见,在随访时可能成为OCB,别是在多发性硬化症中。脑脊液单个IgG带也在少数周围神经系统疾病患者中有报道。然而,其意义尚不清楚,目前还不清楚它们是否反映了对持续的抗原刺激的反应。最后,炎症性神经病患者也描述了镜像模式,即脑脊液和血清中存在相同的OCB,这提供了鞘内IgG合成缺失时全身免疫激活的证据。研究的目的是调查在诊断时观察到的连续CIDP患者的脑脊液特征,包括目前确定的实验室参数和较少调查的OCB,以确定可能有助于诊断和/或预后的特征。将数据与同期登记的其他免疫介导神经病变(即GBS和抗MAG抗体神经病变)患者和其他非炎症性神经病变(NINPs)患者的数据进行比较。

Figure 1

从2004年9月至2019年9月在帕多瓦神经病变中心对48名患者(34名男性,平均年龄59.4±15.5岁,范围16-83岁)进行评估,根据欧洲神经学会联合会/周围神经学会威廉亚洲博彩公司 诊断为明确的CIDP,2名患者被考虑。在这些患者中,33例有典型的CIDP和15例非典型变异(4例多灶获得性脱髓鞘感觉和运动(MADSAM)神经病变,3例纯运动CIDP,3例纯感觉CIDP,3例远端获得性脱髓鞘对称性神经病变和2例局灶性CIDP)。在诊断和随访评估时,根据炎症性神经病病因和治疗(INCAT)量表和炎症性Rasch综合残疾量表(I-RODS)对临床评估和残疾进行评分。临床病程的类型如前所述。关于病程,大多数(86%)患者病程进展,5例(10%)患者有复发缓解的CIDP,2例(4%)患者有单相CIDP。对治疗的反应被定义为在前6个月后在一个残疾量表(INCAT或I-RODS)中至少改善一个点 几个月的治疗。6年后临床量表中一个或多个点的临床恶化 数月的治疗是必要的,以确定治疗无效。6个月后没有提高1分的参与者 两个月后接受替代治疗。

在书面知情同意后,在开始任何治疗之前,首次入院时进行脑脊液分析。作为对照,考虑了86例连续患者,32例GBS患者,18例抗MAG抗体神经病变,4例多灶性运动神经病变和32例其他NINP患者(19例轴突特发性神经病变,5例抗Hu抗体阴性的感觉神经病变,1例遗传性神经病变,1例糖尿病神经病变,神经鞘瘤病1例,小纤维神经病变1例,其他脱髓鞘神经病变4例;招募时的平均年龄为61.9±13.2岁 31-83岁 年,平均病程2.3±2.3年 。

坐位非创伤性腰椎穿刺收集脑脊液。配对脑脊液和血清标本的常规检查包括:脑脊液红细胞计数、脑脊液白细胞和分化细胞计数、脑脊液总蛋白浓度、白蛋白和IgG测定以及寻找OCBs,采用琼脂糖等电聚焦(IEF)法,然后转移到硝化纤维素膜上,IgG特异性免疫固定,用亲和素-生物素和过氧化物酶染色进行扩增。脑脊液蛋白浓度大于45毫克/分升被定义为异常升高。还评估了脑脊液/血清白蛋白比率。对于B–SNR-B渗透率的功能评估,以及QAlbLIM作为截止值。当QALB<QAlbLIM时,B-SNR-B损伤被归类为无损伤 当QALB/QAlbLIM低于2.0时为轻度B-SNR-B损伤,当QALB/QAlbLIM介于2.0和5.0之间时为中度B-SNR-B损伤,当大于5.0时为重度。

Figure 2

两例CIDP患者配对血清和脑脊液标本的等电聚焦结果

OCBs模式的解释是根据当前的中枢神经系统神经炎症性疾病脑脊液研究威廉亚洲博彩公司 进行的。为了本研究的目的,考虑了以下病理模式:(a)脑脊液限制性OCBs(模式2:鞘内IgG合成的存在)(b) 血清和脑脊液中相同的OCB(模式4:镜像模式,全身OCB产生,无鞘内IgG合成)和(c)血清和脑脊液中相同OCB的鉴定,具有规则和周期性间隔,强度降低(模式5:副蛋白模式,存在单克隆丙种球蛋白病)。脊髓穿刺时,CIDP患者的平均病程为2.9±4.6年,INCAT残疾评分中位数为2.0(范围0-7),I-RODS中位数为14(平均16.1,范围2-38)。与NINPs组比较,CIDP组和NINPs组CSF蛋白浓度均升高(35.1±10.0) mg/分升vs 63.4±58.2 mg/dL,p=0.032)和GBS(76.8±44.5) mg/分升,p=0.0013)。

此外,CIDP组(26/48例,54.2%,p=0.0009)、GBS组(23/32例,71.9%,p<0.0001)和抗MAG组(10/18例,55.5%,p=0.0101)的脑脊液蛋白升高率高于NINPs组(5/32例,15.6%)。CIDP和GBS患者的脑脊液白蛋白浓度均显著升高(p=0.044) p<0.0001))。CIDP患者(18例轻度、6例中度、2例重度)、GBS患者(10例轻度、13例中度、1例重度)、NINPs患者(15.6%)和抗-MAG抗体神经病变患者(8例轻度、4例中度)中有26/48(54.2%)出现B-SNR-B损伤。在CSF蛋白浓度(p=0.27)、QALB(p=0.13)和QALB比率(p=0.29)以及BNB损伤频率(p=0.77)方面,典型和非典型CIDP之间没有观察到差异。在所有组中观察到CSF蛋白浓度与QALB比率之间的强相关性:CIDP(r:0.89,r2:0.79,p<0.0001)、GBS(r:0.71,r2:0.50,p<0.0001)、抗MAG抗体神经病变(r:0.92,r2:0.84,p<0.0001)和NINPs(r:0.82,r2:0.68,p<0.0001)。

与NINP相比,CIDP、GBS和抗MAG抗体神经病变的CSF蛋白和血-脊神经根屏障损伤明显增加。鞘内体液免疫反应在CIDP患者中很少见。系统性寡克隆激活更为频繁,但与对照组无显著差异。

Ruiz MPuthenparampil MCampagnolo M, et al Oligoclonal IgG bands in chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathies

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“williamhill asia 医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于williamhill asia 医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“williamhill asia 医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“williamhill asia 号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与williamhill asia 联系,williamhill asia 将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (5)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1660254, encodeId=301f1660254ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d0d28912db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#克隆#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28912, encryptionId=8d0d28912db, topicName=克隆)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=596825099872, createdName=aids221, createdTime=Mon Sep 13 08:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1756306, encodeId=e8271e5630627, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7414e433393' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经根#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74333, encryptionId=7414e433393, topicName=神经根)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=806637100031, createdName=dzx0922901, createdTime=Tue May 03 22:02:21 CST 2022, time=2022-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1547454, encodeId=2794154e4549b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ef26e01766' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#炎症性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67017, encryptionId=4ef26e01766, topicName=炎症性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=09e813968720, createdName=12498dd9m15暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Jul 12 14:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1615226, encodeId=fa431615226e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=010c9506a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#IgG#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9506, encryptionId=010c9506a3, topicName=IgG)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6c4f19588882, createdName=ms5768352621950538, createdTime=Mon Jul 12 14:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=998346, encodeId=721999834672, content=已读,学习,真是受益匪浅呀!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f03a5433387, createdName=ms5000000518166734, createdTime=Sun Jul 11 06:56:57 CST 2021, time=2021-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-09-13 aids221
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1660254, encodeId=301f1660254ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d0d28912db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#克隆#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28912, encryptionId=8d0d28912db, topicName=克隆)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=596825099872, createdName=aids221, createdTime=Mon Sep 13 08:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1756306, encodeId=e8271e5630627, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7414e433393' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经根#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74333, encryptionId=7414e433393, topicName=神经根)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=806637100031, createdName=dzx0922901, createdTime=Tue May 03 22:02:21 CST 2022, time=2022-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1547454, encodeId=2794154e4549b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ef26e01766' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#炎症性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67017, encryptionId=4ef26e01766, topicName=炎症性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=09e813968720, createdName=12498dd9m15暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Jul 12 14:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1615226, encodeId=fa431615226e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=010c9506a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#IgG#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9506, encryptionId=010c9506a3, topicName=IgG)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6c4f19588882, createdName=ms5768352621950538, createdTime=Mon Jul 12 14:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=998346, encodeId=721999834672, content=已读,学习,真是受益匪浅呀!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f03a5433387, createdName=ms5000000518166734, createdTime=Sun Jul 11 06:56:57 CST 2021, time=2021-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1660254, encodeId=301f1660254ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d0d28912db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#克隆#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28912, encryptionId=8d0d28912db, topicName=克隆)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=596825099872, createdName=aids221, createdTime=Mon Sep 13 08:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1756306, encodeId=e8271e5630627, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7414e433393' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经根#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74333, encryptionId=7414e433393, topicName=神经根)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=806637100031, createdName=dzx0922901, createdTime=Tue May 03 22:02:21 CST 2022, time=2022-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1547454, encodeId=2794154e4549b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ef26e01766' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#炎症性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67017, encryptionId=4ef26e01766, topicName=炎症性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=09e813968720, createdName=12498dd9m15暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Jul 12 14:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1615226, encodeId=fa431615226e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=010c9506a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#IgG#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9506, encryptionId=010c9506a3, topicName=IgG)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6c4f19588882, createdName=ms5768352621950538, createdTime=Mon Jul 12 14:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=998346, encodeId=721999834672, content=已读,学习,真是受益匪浅呀!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f03a5433387, createdName=ms5000000518166734, createdTime=Sun Jul 11 06:56:57 CST 2021, time=2021-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1660254, encodeId=301f1660254ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d0d28912db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#克隆#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28912, encryptionId=8d0d28912db, topicName=克隆)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=596825099872, createdName=aids221, createdTime=Mon Sep 13 08:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1756306, encodeId=e8271e5630627, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7414e433393' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经根#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74333, encryptionId=7414e433393, topicName=神经根)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=806637100031, createdName=dzx0922901, createdTime=Tue May 03 22:02:21 CST 2022, time=2022-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1547454, encodeId=2794154e4549b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ef26e01766' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#炎症性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67017, encryptionId=4ef26e01766, topicName=炎症性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=09e813968720, createdName=12498dd9m15暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Jul 12 14:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1615226, encodeId=fa431615226e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=010c9506a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#IgG#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9506, encryptionId=010c9506a3, topicName=IgG)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6c4f19588882, createdName=ms5768352621950538, createdTime=Mon Jul 12 14:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=998346, encodeId=721999834672, content=已读,学习,真是受益匪浅呀!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f03a5433387, createdName=ms5000000518166734, createdTime=Sun Jul 11 06:56:57 CST 2021, time=2021-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1660254, encodeId=301f1660254ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d0d28912db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#克隆#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28912, encryptionId=8d0d28912db, topicName=克隆)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=596825099872, createdName=aids221, createdTime=Mon Sep 13 08:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1756306, encodeId=e8271e5630627, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7414e433393' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经根#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74333, encryptionId=7414e433393, topicName=神经根)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=806637100031, createdName=dzx0922901, createdTime=Tue May 03 22:02:21 CST 2022, time=2022-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1547454, encodeId=2794154e4549b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ef26e01766' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#炎症性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67017, encryptionId=4ef26e01766, topicName=炎症性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=09e813968720, createdName=12498dd9m15暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Jul 12 14:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1615226, encodeId=fa431615226e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=010c9506a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#IgG#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=9506, encryptionId=010c9506a3, topicName=IgG)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6c4f19588882, createdName=ms5768352621950538, createdTime=Mon Jul 12 14:02:21 CST 2021, time=2021-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=998346, encodeId=721999834672, content=已读,学习,真是受益匪浅呀!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f03a5433387, createdName=ms5000000518166734, createdTime=Sun Jul 11 06:56:57 CST 2021, time=2021-07-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-07-11 ms5000000518166734

    已读,学习,真是受益匪浅呀!

    0

相关威廉亚洲官网

JNNP:血浆生物标志物在神经退行性痴呆AT(N)分类中的应用

脑脊液淀粉样蛋白Aβ1–42,总Tau(tTau)和苏氨酸181上的磷酸化Tau(pTau181),是重要的阿尔茨海默病(AD)生物标记物,目前被纳入国家老年阿尔茨海默病协会研究

Acta Neuropathologica: 路易体痴呆患者α-突触核蛋白原纤维活性的异质性与疾病表型相关

α-突触核蛋白的聚集是突触核蛋白病的典型病理,包括帕金森病(PD)、路易体痴呆(DLB)和多系统萎缩(MSA)。

Neurology:脑脊液生物标记物,可有效预测自身免疫性脑炎

脑脊液生物标记物,可有效预测自身免疫性脑炎

Lancet Neurology:RT-QuIC检测快速眼动睡眠行为障碍患者脑脊液α-突触核蛋白的纵向观察研究

帕金森氏病和路易体痴呆是以神经症状(如认知障碍、嗅觉丧失、睡眠问题)为特征的临床综合征。

JNNP:孤立性脊髓炎患者后期转为多发性硬化的早期相关因素

多发性硬化(MS)的诊断标准已经演变为有助于在疾病早期诊断MS。因此,许多以前被认为患有“横断性脊髓炎”或“临床孤立综合征”的患者,现在可以在第一次临床