癫痫的鉴别诊断与药物治疗

2021-11-23 “神经时讯”公众号 “神经时讯”公众号

癫痫是多种病因引起的慢性脑部疾病,脑神经元过度放电导致反复性、发作性和短暂性的中枢神经系统功能失常为特征。

癫痫是多种病因引起的慢性脑部疾病,脑神经元过度放电导致反复性、发作性和短暂性的中枢神经系统功能失常为特征。

鉴别诊断

1.假性癫痫发作

又称癔症样发作,是一种非癫痫性发作性疾病,由心理障碍而非脑电紊乱引起的脑部功能异常。可有运动、感觉和意识模糊等类似癫痫发作症状,难以区分。发作时脑电图上无相应的痫性放电和抗癫痫治疗无效是鉴别的关键。但应注意,10%假性癫痫发作患者可同时存在真正的癫痫,10%~20%癫痫患者中伴有假性发作。

2.惊厥性晕厥

为弥漫性脑部短暂性缺血、缺氧所致。常与意识丧失、跌倒、出现肢体的强直或痉挛性发作鉴别。支持晕厥的诊断有:①由焦虑、疼痛、见血及过分寒冷诱导的发作;②站立或坐位时出现的发作;③伴有面色苍白、大汗者。

3.高血压性脑病

不同程度的意识障碍,剧烈头痛、恶心呕吐及惊厥是高血压脑病3个主要的全脑症状,随血压降低而症状逐渐消失是与癫痫性惊厥鉴别的重要依据。

4.热性惊厥

热性惊厥与癫痫关系密切,复杂热性惊厥后出现癫痫发作的机会很大,尽管都表现为惊厥,但热性惊厥不是癫痫,无热惊厥才是癫痫的特征。

5.过度换气综合征

过度换气综合征是一种主要由心理因素所致,不恰当过度呼吸诱发,这部分患者中许多有慢性焦虑症。过度换气综合征引起的发作性精神症状、短暂的意识丧失和四肢抽动需分别与癫痫的自动症、失神发作及全身性发作鉴别。患者的症状能通过过度换气复制是鉴别的主要依据,发作间期或发作期脑电图无痫样放电,发作前后血气分析显示二氧化碳分压偏低也是重要的鉴别点。

6.短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)

TIA多见于老年人,常有动脉硬化、冠心病、高血压、糖尿病等病史,持续时间从数分钟到数小时不等,而癫痫可见于任何年龄,以青少年为多,前述的危险因素不突出,发作时间多为数分钟,极少超过5 min。TIA患者的肢体抽动从表面上看类似癫痫,但多数患者没有癫痫家族史,肢体的抽动不规则,也无头部和颈部的转动。TIA的短暂性全面遗忘征是无先兆而突然发生记忆障碍,多见于60岁以上的老年人,症状常持续15 min到数小时,复发的可能性小,脑电图上无明显的痫性放电,癫痫性健忘发作持续时间更短,常有反复发作,脑电图上多有痫性放电。

药物治疗

治疗的目标应该是完全控制癫痫发作,没有或只有轻微的药物不良反应,且尽可能少影响患者的生活质量。对一个首诊的癫痫患者,临床医生常常要花大量的时间和精力去询问病史,尽量让患者或目击者描述发作时的症状,千方百计想要获得发作时的视频录像及脑电图的资料,有时甚至还需要头颅MRI 或基因检测等其他检查。这一切都是为了能准确划分发作类型或进一步确诊某类癫痫综合征,分清了发作类型或综合征来选择抗癫痫药物,才能有的放矢、对症下药,获得好的预后。常用的抗癫痫药物可根据表1和表2进行选择。

表1 根据发作类型选药

表2 癫痫综合征选药

药物治疗的一般原则

1.确定是否用药:人一生中偶发1次或者数次癫痫的概率高达5%,且39%癫痫患者有自发性缓解倾向,故非每个癫痫患者都需要用药。一般来说,半年内发作2次以上者,一经诊断明确,就应使用药物。首次发作或间隔半年以上发作一次者,可在告知抗癫痫药可能的不良反应和不经治疗的可能后果的情况下,根据患者及家属意愿,酌情选择用或不用抗癫痫药物。

2.正确选择药物:根据癫痫发作类型及癫痫综合征类型选择用药。70%~80%新诊断的癫痫患者可以通过服用一种抗癫痫药物控制癫痫发作,所以治疗初始的药物选择非常关键,可以增加治疗成功的可能性;如选药不当,不仅治疗无效,还会导致癫痫发作加重。

3.如何决定药物的剂量:从小剂量开始,逐渐增加,以达到技能有效控制发作,有没有明显不良反应为止。如不能达到此目的,宁可满足部分控制,也不要出现不良反应。在有条件的医院可选用进行血药浓度监测的方法来指导用药,以减少用药过程中的盲目性。

4.单用或联合用药:单一药物治疗是应遵守的基本原则,如治疗无效,可换用另一种单药,但换药期间应有5~10 d的过渡期。下列情况可考虑进行合理的多药治疗:①有多种发作类型,如伴有失神发作的眼肌阵挛性发作、有多种发作类型的癫痫综合征等;②针对患者的特殊情况,如月经性癫痫的患者在月经前后可加用乙酰唑胺以提高临床疗效;③对部分单药治疗无效患者可考虑联合用药;④已经被临床实践证明需要联合用药的癫痫。

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    2022-04-20 lila9521

    学习了!

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    2022-03-12 默默无闻小大夫

    学习了!!

    0

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    2021-11-23 454646258

    学到了

    0

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    2021-11-23 医鸣惊人

    认真学习了。

    0

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Neurology:不同癫痫患者的负担如何?

研究表明精神和身体疾病的发病率很高,并确定了影响癫痫患者的种族和民族差异。有针对性的干预措施考虑到合并症、种族和民族,有可能改善临床护理,减少差异。

Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol:癫痫患者脑皮质变薄与小胶质细胞激活有关

在常见的人类癫痫病中,大脑皮层厚度明显减少在神经影像学上可检测到,并具有重要的临床后果,但其原因尚不清楚。