强直性脊柱炎患者颈部增生糜烂恶臭 长期口服青霉素无效后怎么办?

2019-01-14 赵俊英 王增芳 专家会诊中心病例讨论精选

24岁男性,强直性脊柱炎多年,轮椅活动,不能步行。患者2年前右侧颈部出现增生性皮损。口服青霉素类抗生素、外用四环素、红霉素软膏,开始皮损有好转,但反复多次,以后再次口服抗生素等治疗无效。1个月前相同皮损逐渐增多伴有流脓、瘙痒、疼痛,黄色脓性分泌物较多,有恶臭。多家医院就诊,均未得到明确诊断和治疗,原来是真菌感染作祟。

24岁男性,强直性脊柱炎多年,轮椅活动,不能步行。患者2年前右侧颈部出现增生性皮损。口服青霉素类抗生素、外用四环素、红霉素软膏,开始皮损有好转,但反复多次,以后再次口服抗生素等治疗无效。1个月前相同皮损逐渐增多伴有流脓、瘙痒、疼痛,黄色脓性分泌物较多,有恶臭。多家医院就诊,均未得到明确诊断和治疗,原来是真菌感染作祟。

病历摘要

患者,男,24岁,内蒙古农民。

主诉:右颈部皮损2年,皮损增多伴有流脓、瘙痒、疼痛1个月。

现病史:患者2年前右侧颈部出现增生性皮损,略高出皮肤,表面不平,面积逐渐增多,由颈部向肩部、胸部发展,有时皮损有脱落,出现糜烂面,伴有疼痛感,曾在内蒙古乡和县医院就诊,以“皮肤感染”口服青霉素类抗生素、外用四环素、红霉素软膏,开始皮损有好转,但反复多次,以后再次口服抗生素等治疗无效。1个月前相同皮损逐渐增多,皮损表面角化、坚硬,隆起呈疣状和菜花状,连接成条块型,基底浸润,黄色脓性分泌物较多,有恶臭,疼痛明显。有时疣状痂皮可部分脱落,露出糜烂面,疼痛重,以后再次增生。患病以来,无发热及其他明显全身症状。

既往史:强直性脊柱炎多年,间断服用糖皮质激素治疗,具体不详,疼痛重时最多每日服用60mg泼尼松治疗。

体格检查

一般情况:弱,体型偏瘦,轮椅活动,不能步行。发育正常,系统检查无特殊。

专科情况:右耳下方、颈部线条状角化性皮损,表面呈皮角样高起连续排列,基底浸润,轻度糜烂,伴有少量脓性分泌物,臭味不明显。压痛(+)(图1)。


图1 颈部线条状角化性皮损

辅助检查

血常规:Hb 114g/L,RBC 4.35×1012/L,WBC 10.5×109/L(N% 79.9%,L% 17%),ESR 30mm/h,免疫球蛋白检查:IgG 2170mg/dl(正常723~1685mg/dl)、IgA 318mg/dl(正常69~385mg/dl),IgM 45mg/dl(正常63~277mg/dl),C3 126mg/dl(正常85~193mg/dl),C4 27mg/dl(正常12~36mg/dl);尿、粪便常规、心电图及肝功能、肾功能检查均正常。

真菌检查:镜下见可疑菌丝,真菌培养(-)。

组织病理变化:表皮大致正常,真皮见大量淋巴样细胞、浆细胞浸润,并见多核巨细胞反应,呈肉芽肿性炎改变。特染:PAS(-)(图2)。


图2 真皮大量淋巴样细胞、浆细胞浸润,多核巨细胞反应,呈肉芽肿性炎改变

讨论目的

多家当地医院就诊,均未得到明确诊断和治疗,来会诊中心寻求确诊和进一步治疗方案。

讨论内容

本例患者患有强直性脊柱炎多年,间断口服泼尼松(强的松),无正规治疗,轮椅生活,免疫功能极差,更容易继发真菌和细菌感染。williamhill asia 在真菌检查中镜下见可疑菌丝,但真菌培养未生长,组织病理变化呈肉芽肿性炎改变。特染:PAS(-)。从真菌检查的角度来看似乎不支持念珠菌性肉芽肿的诊断,但是从临床表现和组织病理学来看还是考虑念珠菌性可能性大。治疗上开始使用氟康唑150mg/d,外用莫匹罗星等治疗,2周后大部分痂皮脱落,停药3周后再发,目前间断口服伊曲康唑200mg/d治疗,仍然有效,停药后皮损仍有反复。治疗有效,但因患者免疫力低下,停药后仍然容易复发,因此从治疗的角度上看,抗真菌治疗有效,诊断慢性皮肤黏膜念珠菌病成立。

念珠菌性肉芽肿最早由Hauser及Rothman在1950年首先报道。临床表现为增殖、结节、溃疡或肉芽肿形成。有两种类型:Hauser-Rothman型和Busse-Buschke型。Hauser-Rothman型具以下特点:①自幼发病,病期长,多为数年至数十年;②面部、头部有结痂增殖如疣状物;③鹅口疮及口腔糜烂长期不愈;④甲廓肿胀及甲板增厚;⑤真菌镜检阳性,培养见白色念珠菌生长。Busse-Buschke型有以下特点:①有长期应用抗生素史,皮肤完整性破坏或机体抵抗力低下等诱因;②皮肤上有脓疱、结节、斑块,边缘增殖性溃疡;③病程长;④真菌镜检及培养均阳性,为白色念珠菌或其他念珠菌。此病较罕见,被认为是慢性皮肤黏膜念珠菌病的一种特殊临床表现。念珠菌性肉芽肿发生于慢性皮肤黏膜念珠菌病的漫长病程中,但在临床上和病理上能区别。其中Houser-Rothman型一般多在婴儿或儿童期发病,也有在青年和成人中发病的病例。早期症状为鹅口疮和口角糜烂,以后面部出现皮疹,先在鼻尖渐渐延至额、颊及下颌部。面颊部出现褐黄色结痂,高度增殖,呈疣状或皮角样,甚至高出皮面2cm以上,具有特征性。厚痂下为高低不平的肉芽增生面。头发稀疏脱落、毛囊口有浅在的萎缩性瘢痕,伴甲沟炎和甲板感染。躯干和四肢也可见角化增殖性损害或片状红色脱屑斑。感染不累及内脏,病程为慢性。

患者常有免疫功能低下,使生理防御功能、免疫功能下降,易引起真菌感染;另一方面,有的人因患有各种基础疾病长期住院,交叉感染机会明显增加;长期、大剂量使用广谱抗生素,人体正常菌群被杀灭或抑制,使得体内机会致病白色念珠菌得以繁殖引起感染。组织病理学示角化过度、棘层肥厚、乳头状瘤样增生,真皮有稠密细胞浸润,由淋巴样细胞、中性粒细胞、浆细胞和多形核巨细胞组成。此浸润可扩展到皮下。通常仅在角质层有菌丝和卵圆形孢子,一些孢子处于出芽阶段。但少数病例的真菌成分也见于真皮层。

最终诊断:念珠菌性肉芽肿。

治疗经过

专家治疗方案:

1.口服氟康唑胶囊150mg每日一次或伊曲康唑200mg每日一次,2~4周。

2.局部清创换药。

3.进一步检查T细胞和胸腺等免疫功能情况。

治疗2周后电话随访,患者皮肤大部分痂皮脱落,无明显疼痛感,恢复良好。停药3周后再次加重,再次服用伊曲康唑200mg,每日一次,2周,治疗1个月后随访,患者皮损停药后仍有反复,因经济原因未能进一步检查免疫系统情况。

讨论

慢性皮肤黏膜念珠菌病(chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis,CMC)是一种少见的慢性进行性念珠菌感染,临床表现为一组综合征。患者可能先后出现皮肤、指甲、黏膜的反复性念珠菌感染,多伴有免疫或内分泌的失调。常从婴儿期开始发病,也可发生于新生儿期或成年。最好发部位为口腔,其次为:指甲、躯干、头皮。临床最广泛使用的是Wells和Higgs于1972年提出的分类法,按其临床表现分4型:家族性早发性CMC、弥漫性CMC、多发性内分泌型CMC和迟发性CMC。

目前有关的免疫学研究显示该病主要为T淋巴细胞功能缺陷所致。至今为止,唯一被证实与该病明确相关的基因为自身免疫调节因子,该基因为自身免疫性多内分泌腺病-念珠菌病-外胚层发育不全综合征的致病基因。

本病的发病机制尚不明了,病因可能与性激素水平失衡、胚胎发育不良、细菌感染有关,有人采用直接免疫荧光研究发现一例天疱疮合并本病的报道,还有人报道关节炎合并本病,因此有学者提出本病与免疫性疾病可能相关。

CMC是念珠菌病中最难治疗的一种类型。主要因为病因复杂且难以确定,有作者曾尝试用矫正各种并发性免疫缺陷的方法来进行治疗,其结果除对APECED中的内分泌紊乱采用的针对性治疗有效外,其他各类均收效甚微或几乎没有远期效果。因此,目前对CMC的治疗方法主要用抗真菌药物,其次是免疫治疗和对症治疗方法。

目前抗真菌药物治疗CMC疗效较好:病变创面用0.25%两性霉素B溶液作局部治疗效果较好,也可配合转移因子、5-氟胞嘧啶作辅助治疗。口服或局部使用制霉菌素也能治疗或缓解CMC所造成的感染和损伤。咪康唑、克霉唑和酮康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑等对CMC的治疗也有较好效果。采用口服抗真菌药物,一般治疗后5~7天黏膜损害消失,2周后皮肤损害开始缓解,因抗真菌治疗并未改变宿主的免疫功能,停药后容易复发。有的严重患者需长期用药,致病真菌极易耐药,因此抗真菌治疗应有合适的停药期,或交替使用几种抗真菌药物,防止病原菌耐药,同时应进行体外药敏试验监测耐药株。

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    2019-05-24 zywlvao
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    2019-01-16 sunyl09
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    2019-01-16 许安
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