Lancet子刊:周脉耕/霍勇等分析2008-2020 中国心血管疾病患者死亡地点趋势和影响因素

2022-02-10 霍岩 心血管健康联盟信息平台

2022年02月01日,中国疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病中心周脉耕教授团队和北京大学第一医院霍勇教授团队在

2022年02月01日,中国疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病中心周脉耕教授团队和北京大学第一医院霍勇教授团队在Lancet子刊The Lancet Regional Health上发表了基于中国全国疾病监测系统死因监测系统(NMSS)的数据分析结果。该研究纳入2008−2020共计7101871例CVD死亡数据,分析了心血管疾病的死亡地点分布情况及相关因素,证实居家是中国心血管疾病首要死亡地点。年龄,性别,民族,婚姻状态,教育,职业,潜在死因均是医院CVD死亡的显著影响因素。个体水平因素能够解释33.88%的省级水平空间变异性。

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研究目的及价值

在中国,心血管疾病(CVD)是首要死亡原因(COD),占总死亡人数的40%。2019年,中国CVD死亡人数达458万,CVD患者数达1.2033亿,给医疗保健系统带来了沉重负担。国际公认,死亡地点(POD)是临终护理的有效指标,也是医疗保健服务的结果衡量指标。目前,CVD死亡的POD分布相关研究有限,对于医院CVD死亡的相关因素也所知甚少。本研究展示了2008-2020中国全国疾病监测系统死因监测系统(NMSS)数据分析结果,旨在描述CVD死亡POD分布,探索医院CVD死亡的相关因素,并提供相关性的合理解释。

中国全国疾病监测系统死因监测系统(NMSS)是世界覆盖人数最多,且是唯一一个具有省级代表性的死亡监测系统,覆盖31个省,超过3亿人(占总人口24%)。通过NMSS收集的数据,本研究首次全面展示了CVD死亡的POD分布,从个体水平和区域水平2个维度探索了医院CVD死亡的相关因素。研究发现居家是中国CVD死亡的首要POD,和西方国家有很大差异。人口统计学和个体社会经济状态(非社会经济因素)解释了医院CVD死亡中主要的空间变异性,在各省及亚人群中也观察到了显著变异性。

研究方法

基于中国NMSS数据,提取了2008-2020 CVD作为COD潜在因素的所有死亡数据。本研究呈现了2008-2020 CVD 死亡的POD分布特点。应用多水平Logists回归探索了医院CVD死亡相关因素,并且量化了医院CVD死亡空间变异性可以通过这些相关因素解释的程度。

研究结果

CVD死亡POD分布特点

2008-2020,中国NMSS共收集了7101871例CVD死亡数据,其中居家是首位POD(77.13%),其次是医院(18.49%)和养老院(1.69%)。各重要指标CVD死亡的POD分布差异如表1所示,组间差异均呈显著性。

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2020年,全国范围居家死亡百分比随年龄增加而升高,并在100岁及以上人群达到峰值(83.68%)。高血压性心脏病(HHD)患者达到最高居家死亡比例(85.67%),而主动脉瘤(AA)达最高医院死亡比例(71.57%)。上海(59.40%)和北京(50.32%)是医院死亡比例最高的2个省,相反,福建(93.14%)和海南(90.97%)居家死亡比例最高。除此之外,相比于男性CVD患者和住在乡村,女性CVD和住在城镇患者每一个指标都有更高的医院死亡比例(见图1和图2)。

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图1 中国NMSS数据 CVD死亡的POD分布百分比(按性别)。

(A)2008-2020中国CVD死亡的POD百分比;(B)2020中国CVD死亡的POD百分比(按年龄);(C)2020中国CVD死亡的POD百分比(按CVD亚分类);(D) 2020中国CVD死亡的POD百分比(按省份)

 

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图2 中国NMSS数据 CVD死亡的POD分布百分比(按城乡)。

(A)2008-2020中国CVD死亡的POD百分比;(B)2020中国CVD死亡的POD百分比(按年龄);(C)2020中国CVD死亡的POD百分比(按CVD亚分类);(D) 2020中国CVD死亡的POD百分比(按省份)

 

医院CVD死亡相关因素

2008-2020,多水平模型结果显示,通过比较模型1和模型3(表2),人口统计学(年龄,性别,民族,婚姻状态)差异,个体SES(教育,职业)差异解释了省级水平下医院CVD死亡空间变异性的33.88%。模型3 的中位OR值(MOR)结果也表明显著的区域变异性(1.73,大于1),辅助解释了POD的个体差异。在模型5中,29.95%的变异性(MOR 1.76)通过个体因素和环境因素共同解释,如GDP,平均受教育年限,医疗机构当地床位数。尤其是,CVD患者中,女性(OR:1.08,95%CI:1.07-1.08),更高水平受教育程度(OR:1.92,95%CI:1.90-1.95),退休人员(OR:5.62,95%CI:5.58-5.66),AA死亡(OR:7.03,95%CI:6.73-7.34),居住在乡村地区中部有更高概率死于医院。除此之外,与已婚人群相比,在未婚(OR:0.90,95%CI:0.89-0.91),丧偶/离婚(OR:0.59,95%CI:0.58-0.59)人群中,医院CVD死亡概率更低。少数民族(OR:0.74,95%CI:0.73-0.75)医院死亡概率更低。模型6中,相对较高水平GDP与医院CVD死亡正相关,并且这种相关性随着个体SES的升高而升高(GDP处于Q2位置,从OR:1.12,95%CI:1.11-1.14升高到OR:1.14,95%CI:1.12-1.15)。

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应用模型6进一步探索各因素与医院IHD、卒中死亡之间的相关性(图3),相关性的程度与各因素和总体CVD死亡相关性相似。与慢性缺血性心脏病(CIHD)和缺血性卒中(IS)患者相比,急性心肌梗死(AMI,OR:0.76,95%CI:0.76-0.77)和出血性卒中(HS,OR:0.75,95%CI:0.71-0.79)患者有更低的医院死亡概率。

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图3 2008-2020中国医院IHD和卒中死亡相关因素,多水平Logists回归评估(A)缺血性心脏病;(B)卒中

缩写:OR,比值比;CI,可信区间;Q1,第一个百分位;a*P<0.05.b区域:西部(内蒙古、广西、重庆、四川、贵州、云南、西藏、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆);中部(陕西,吉林,黑龙江,安徽,江西,河南,湖北,湖南);东部(北京,天津,河北,辽宁,上海,江苏,浙江,福建,山东,广东,海南)

 

研究启示

现有CVD死亡POD分布特点可能是多因素相互作用的结果。中国作为世界最大人口国家,面临人口老龄化,中国文化中根植于心的儒家思想,又提倡对亲人孝顺,对兄弟和朋友忠诚,居家死亡情况在短期内可能持续不变,个体水平因素仍是影响变异性的最大因素。因此,建议首先,把扩张医疗保健服务容量,提高临床干预效率和效果放在首位,尤其是针对急性和重度CVD患者。其次,POD分布显著省间差异表明医疗卫生保健资源配置存在差异,需要区域特异性策略,填补省间差异和城乡差异。第三,对于少数民族群体,应该提供与其文化信仰相一致的个体化人文关怀,对于低SES水平的弱势群体应该提供多种选择和额外支持,使得医疗保健服务可及和可负担支付。最后,激发子女孝顺的观念,建立一个临床护理和社区或家庭护理结合的整体护理模式,从而形成长期护理系统,支持非正式护理。这些经验也应当在其他发展中国家评估和推广。

 

研究优势和局限性

优势:NMSS设计采用统一标准,数据具有全国及省级代表性,真实可靠。本研究是首个阐述了中国CVD患者POD分布趋势的研究。多水平分析便于研究阐明医院CVD死亡的空间变异性,解释了个体水平与区域水平对变量的作用。

局限性:未纳入可能影响医院CVD死亡的潜在因素,如个人偏好,到医院的距离,家庭护理和社会支持。因此,有必要收集足够的POD影响因素,根据探索标准重新分类。

结论

在中国,居家是CVD患者首要POD,人口统计学和个体SES(非社会经济因素)是医院CVD死亡的重要相关因素。提供可及、可用的医疗保健服务是改善CVD死亡临终关怀质量的首要工作。省级水平和亚人群的显著变异性也提示医疗卫生资源配置需要均衡,少数民族需要更多选择。对于CVD患者的POD决策和提高临终关怀质量的建议,需要不同利益相关者的广泛参与,这些经验应该得到评估,并可以推广到其他发展中国家。

原始出处:

Wei Wang, et al. Trends and associated factors in place of death among individuals with cardiovascular disease in China, 2008-2020: A population-based study.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100383

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    2022-05-26 howi
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    2022-02-12 xinmeili
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    2022-02-11 查查佳佳

    10000名儿童中就有4-11人患有深度的早

    0

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    2022-02-10 yesaisai133

    有意义

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