JCO:膀胱癌的辅助化疗真实世界角色

2016-07-24 MedSci MedSci原创

近期发表在JCO的文章,Galsky等人使用国家癌症数据库的资料评估了辅助化疗对局部晚期膀胱癌的有效性。提到相对减少了30%的死亡率。这个重要的问题已经在3个随机临床试验中得到解决,当时所有这些研究中的2-4个,使用吉西他滨和顺铂进行评估,都因招募不够而早期停止了。除此之外,试验的结果是不一致的,研究中存在大量异质性。因为完成随机临床试验十分困难,Galsky 等人进行了基于大量人口的观察性研究,

近期发表在JCO的文章,Galsky等人使用国家癌症数据库的资料评估了辅助化疗对局部晚期膀胱癌的有效性。提到相对减少了30%的死亡率。这个重要的问题已经在3个随机临床试验中得到解决,当时所有这些研究中的2-4个,使用吉西他滨和顺铂进行评估,都因招募不够而早期停止了。除此之外,试验的结果是不一致的,研究中存在大量异质性。因为完成随机临床试验十分困难,Galsky 等人进行了基于大量人口的观察性研究,提供了相关证据的重要信息。然而,以下几个问题仍需要额外的讨论。

首先,这个研究排除了在膀胱切除后超过90天才开始化疗的1096例患者。为了评估辅助化疗的有效性,一个理想的观察组应包括没有立即进行化疗的人群,而不是未进行任何化疗的人群。如先前的研究证明,未接受辅助化疗的患者,疾病进展的风险大约有50%-60%,这类患者大部分都接受了补救治疗,主要是化疗。因此,如果国家癌症数据库中化疗的信息是完整的,那观察组中大部分疾病进展的患者都应该排除,因为他们接受了延迟化疗。这组患者的生存率将比那些无疾病进展的患者差,而优于那些疾病进展但身体状况很差未接受化疗的患者。所以,排除这类患者会导致结果出现偏倚。因此,在主要分析中不应排除这类患者,或至少在敏感性分析中应包括此类患者。

第二,根据这篇研究中的生存曲线显示,治疗组和观察组的总体生存期有显著差异,大约10%——即使在开始随访的6个月也是。如果辅助化疗的生存获益确实是存在的话,那不会在如此短的随访时间内就如此明显,即使使用倾向评分分析。作者尝试使用敏感性分析来解决评估身体状况差的潜在影响的局限性。尽管如此,检测是否违反了 Cox模型的比例风险假定是很重要的;如果违反了,应报告随着时间的风险比。如果风险比在排除第一个半年或1年的随访时间后变得没有意义,那么观察到的效应可能是由无法测量的混杂因素导致的。

最后,这个研究中,治疗组的状况没有在一开始随访的时候——膀胱切除术当天进行明确。因此,将会出现永久时间偏倚(immortal time bias),也称为确定时间偏倚( guarantee time bias)?膀胱切除术后不久即死亡的患者将没有机会接受辅助化疗,而被划分为治疗组。膀胱切除术到化疗之间的时间被称为永恒时间( immortal time)。偏倚的大小可能不重要,因为在术后30天内死亡的患者被排除了,以及在术后超过90天结束化疗的患者不纳入治疗组。然而,由于此研究中辅助化疗的益处是边缘的,尤其是当考虑到身体状况差的混杂效应后,即使是一个小的偏倚也并非无关紧要。合理的研究设计应移除永久时间偏倚,如条件性界标分析,或时间依赖性分析,如时间依赖性协变量的Cox状态回归模型分析。我希望作者可以进行额外的分析来明确这些问题。

原始出处:

Yu-Wen Hu, MD, Cancer Center, Real-World Role of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Bladder Cancer,JCO July 11, 2016 JCO675884


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    2016-09-13 lidong40
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    2016-09-12 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章不错

    0

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    2016-08-03 oo902

    继续关注

    0

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    2016-07-31 oo902

    厉害的研究

    0

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    2016-07-24 oo902

    讲的很全面

    0

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