JNNP:老年人执行功能障碍与自杀风险:一项基于人群的前瞻性队列研究

2021-03-12 网络 网络

随着年龄的增长,自杀率会增加。虽然抑郁症是老年人自杀的一个公认的危险因素,80%以上死于自杀的老年人在死于自杀前没有抑郁症。然而,目前还不知道除了抑郁之外还有什么因素会增加老年人自杀的风险。在患有抑郁

随着年龄的增长,自杀率会增加。虽然抑郁症是老年人自杀的一个公认的危险因素,80%以上死于自杀的老年人在死于自杀前没有抑郁症。然而,目前还不知道除了抑郁之外还有什么因素会增加老年人自杀的风险。在患有抑郁症的老年人中,执行功能障碍(ED)会增加自杀意念或自杀未遂(SIA)的风险,尽管还没有研究ED本身是否会增加自杀的风险。在许多强有力的病例对照研究中,患有SIA的老年抑郁症患者在决策、解决问题、认知抑制和延迟奖赏折扣等执行功能方面的损害程度始终高于未患有SIA的老年人。在这项全国性、基于人群的前瞻性队列研究中,本文研究了ED对无抑郁障碍的非痴呆老年人自杀风险和SIA的影响。
 
从韩国认知老化和痴呆纵向研究(KLOSCAD)中获得数据,这是一项正在进行的全国性前瞻性队列研究。 KLOSCAD中,使用2009年底的全国居民名册,从韩国13个地区的居民中随机抽取6818名60岁或以上的社区居住韩国人。基线评估时间为2010年11月至2012年10月,每2年进行一次随访评估(第一次随访评估时间为2012年11月至2014年10月,第二次随访评估时间为2014年11月至2016年10月,第三次随访评估时间为2016年11月至2018年10月)。由于第四次随访评估正在进行(从2018年11月到2020年10月), 在本研究中纳入了从基线评估到第三次随访评估的数据。排除基线评估时患有痴呆症(n=343)、重度抑郁障碍(n=116)、其他神经或主要精神障碍(n=101)或有SIA病史(n=78)的患者以及对所有后续评估无反应的患者后,本文纳入了4791名参与者。
 
神经心理学研究人员或训练有素的研究护士管理一个综合性的神经心理学组,包括韩国版的CERAD神经心理学评估组(CERAD-K-N),数字广度前后测试(DST-F和DST-B)和正面评估组合(FAB)。CERAD-K-N由九个子测试组成:简易精神状态检查、线索测验A(TMT-A)、语言流畅性测试(VFT)、15项波士顿命名测试(BNT-15)、单词表记忆测试(WLMT)、单词表回忆测试(WLRT),词表识别测验(WLRcT)、构式实践测验(CPT)和构式回忆测验(CRT)。受过培训的研究护士进行了医疗结果研究社会支持调查(MOS-SSS)以评估社会支持水平累积疾病评定量表(CIRS)以评估共病负担,和老年抑郁症量表(GDS)以评估抑郁症状水平。
 
一组老年精神病医生根据《精神障碍诊断和统计手册》第四版(DSM-IV)标准确认了痴呆症和主要精神障碍的诊断。29williamhill asia 将认知障碍定义为在一个或多个年龄调整、性别调整和教育调整的常模中表现低于-1.5标准差在FAB、TMT-A、DST-F、DST-B、VFT、WLMT、WLRT、WLRcT、CRT、CPT或BNT-15和ED之间的测试,在FAB、TMT-A、DST-F、DST-B或VFT之间的一个或多个测试中表现出低于-1.5 SD的年龄调整、性别调整和教育调整标准。williamhill asia 将低社会支持定义为参与者的MOS-SSS得分低于25%,24 25高共病负担定义为CIRS为5分或更高26,低社会经济地位(SES)定义为国家医疗补助计划覆盖。williamhill asia 使用MET将运动分为三个级别:低于600分钟/周为低,600–3000分钟/周为中等,3000分钟/周或以上为高。 
 
使用国家死亡率数据库(NMD)确定了自杀死亡数据。根据从基线评估到第三次随访评估的最长观察期收集了7年随访期的死亡数据。将自杀相关结果分为四个级别:(1)在随访期间所有随访评估中未报告SIA的参与者(非自杀对照组),(2)在随访期间未对一个或多个随访评估作出反应但仍活着且未报告SIA的参与者在他们回答的随访评估中(不确定的SIA;USIA),(3)在一次或多次随访评估中报告SIA但在随访期间没有自杀死亡或活着的参与者(确认的SIA;CSIA)和(4)因自杀死亡的参与者。
 
4791名参与者的平均年龄为69.7岁,其中57.1%为女性(平均随访时间=4.9年)。基线时ED使自杀风险增加约7倍(HR 7.20,95%CI 1.84至28.12,p=0.005),但并未改变SIA风险。然而,没有ED的认知障碍并没有改变自杀和SIA的风险。在ED患者中,75岁或以上、独居、社会经济地位低与自杀风险相关。
 
Figure 1
这项研究也有一些需要注意的局限性。首先,自杀行为的细节,如自杀意念,低致死率自杀未遂和高致死率自杀未遂,没有进行评估。其次,大约40%的参与者对一个或多个后续评估没有反应,因此,他们的SIA仍然不确定。尽管样本量大,自杀率高,但自杀人数仍然很少。
 
总之,这是第一个前瞻性研究,以证明ED有价值纳入老年人自杀风险评估。
 
 
 

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    2021-03-13 易水河

    学习学习

    0

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    2021-03-12 言西早

    随着年龄的增长,自杀率会增加。

    0

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