CAR-T细胞疗法在实体肿瘤治疗中的五大难点

2016-06-16 佚名 不详

背景:嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)是基因工程技术构造的可以导向癌细胞表面抗原的合成受体以达到清除癌细胞的作用。也有许多CAR的构建中加入了可以加强T细胞活性和持久性的结构。CAR-T细胞在清除血液类的癌症中取得了很大的成功,例如,用来治疗白血病的CD19特异性的CAR-T疗法。但是这样的成功还未能扩展到实体肿瘤的治疗中,其原因正在被积极的探查中。 多重因素可能成为阻碍CAR-T成功治疗

背景:嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)是基因工程技术构造的可以导向癌细胞表面抗原的合成受体以达到清除癌细胞的作用。也有许多CAR的构建中加入了可以加强T细胞活性和持久性的结构。CAR-T细胞在清除血液类的癌症中取得了很大的成功,例如,用来治疗白血病的CD19特异性的CAR-T疗法。但是这样的成功还未能扩展到实体肿瘤的治疗中,其原因正在被积极的探查中。

多重因素可能成为阻碍CAR-T成功治疗实体肿瘤的原因。首先,即便不考虑肿瘤的特异性抗原丢失或异质性,CAR-T细胞必须能够在可能的T细胞趋化因子和癌症源的趋化因子错配的前提下成功的到达实体肿瘤的位置,并且要成功的穿过实体肿瘤的基质细胞后才能激发出肿瘤抗原特异性的细胞毒性杀伤。当然,即使成功到达肿瘤位置并渗透进去,T细胞仍然需要克服一下的挑战:

1.一个以氧化应激,营养缺乏,酸性pH值以及缺氧为主特征的肿瘤微环境。

2.肿瘤源的免疫抑制性的可溶性因子和细胞因子的存在。

3.免疫抑制性的免疫细胞,例如调节性T细胞(Tregs),骨髓源的抑制性细胞(MDSC),肿瘤相关的巨噬细胞(TAM)或者肿瘤相关性的中性粒细胞(TAN)。

4.T细胞固有的阴性调节机制(比如细胞质或细胞表面的抑制性受体的表达上调)以及抑制性分子的过度表达。

5.最后,由于它们的免疫原性和毒性CAR-T细胞自身也可以是个大的问题。

图一:CAR-T的“组件”:从单克隆抗体中获得的有特异性靶向抗体单(scFV)经穿胞膜结构域与CD3zeta的膜内结构域融合,这就是一代CAR-T的构造。此后,额外的胞内细胞传导信号结构域也被加入进来,例如CD28与41BB,由此也就被分别称为2代和3代CARs。

图二:免疫抑制性的肿瘤微环境。此图以简略的卡通形式描述了CAR-T细胞在进入实体肿瘤时会遇到的阻碍,这些因素将CAR-T细胞失活。所有的这些因素都有可能中和掉CAR-T的抗肿瘤效果。

未来:对CAR-T疗法在实体肿瘤中的难点的理解

对CAR的构建和临床方案的设计都有重要的意义,

有数据表明淋巴细胞去除可能增加CAR-T的效能。另外,加入新的信号结构域,例如ICOS,41BB,OX40或CD27,用以增强CAR-T的激活与持久性。

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    2016-06-27 仁者大医
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    2016-06-18 沉心多思

    好文章,值得学习

    0

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    2016-06-18 weiz
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    2016-06-17 wxsession8b50a880

    目前细胞免疫治疗在实体瘤中还是有相当的难点,需要下一步进行突破

    0

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