腰椎黄韧带囊肿1例

2019-07-11 袁凯 温广伟 许岳荣 中国矫形外科杂志

患者,女性,71岁,主诉因“腰痛伴左下肢麻痛6个月余”入院。6个月前患者无明显诱因出现间断性腰部疼痛,伴左下肢麻痛感,以小腿后外侧、足底为主,腰部活动轻微受限。劳累后加重,休息后症状缓解不明显,白天、夜间疼痛无差别,保守治疗后缓解不明显。查体:双下肢肌力5级,左下肢腱反射正常引出,左下肢S1皮节支配区浅感觉减退,左下肢直腿抬高试验阳性(40°),括约肌功能正常。腰椎MRI:L5S1水平椎管左侧见一

临床资料

患者,女性,71岁,主诉因“腰痛伴左下肢麻痛6个月余”入院。6个月前患者无明显诱因出现间断性腰部疼痛,伴左下肢麻痛感,以小腿后外侧、足底为主,腰部活动轻微受限。劳累后加重,休息后症状缓解不明显,白天、夜间疼痛无差别,保守治疗后缓解不明显。查体:双下肢肌力5级,左下肢腱反射正常引出,左下肢S1皮节支配区浅感觉减退,左下肢直腿抬高试验阳性(40°),括约肌功能正常。腰椎MRI:L5S1水平椎管左侧见一类圆形异常信号影,边界较清,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI及STIR病灶主体呈高低混杂信号,周缘呈低信号,增强扫描病灶边缘强化,其内强化不明显(图1a~d)。诊断为“椎管内硬膜外占位性病变,黄韧带囊肿待查”。在全麻下,经后正中入路行L5S1椎板减压、硬膜外肿物探查、椎间盘切除、椎间植骨融合、椎弓根钉内固定术。术中见黄韧带明显增厚,囊肿完全位于黄韧带内,大小约1.8CM×1.5CM×1.3CM,术中探查见囊肿压迫硬膜囊及S1左侧神经根,遂将黄韧带及囊肿完整切除,分离见黄韧带内囊性肿物,囊液为淡黄略黏稠液体,术后病理结果为黄韧带囊肿(图1e)。术后患者腰痛明显缓解,左下肢麻痛明显减轻,复查腰椎MRI显示椎管内囊肿组织被完整切除,硬膜囊及神经根受压解除(图1f~1g)。随访7个月,患者症状完全消失,无腰腿痛及下肢麻木等不适。



讨论

黄韧带囊肿属于关节突关节囊肿的一种类型,黄韧带囊肿可能是因为关节面的过度活动及黄韧带的粘液瘤样变性引起的。尽管如此,黄韧带囊肿的形成与脊柱不稳有关,准确的病因学尚不清楚。有报道认为:骨关节炎、脊柱退变性疾病、脊柱滑脱以及椎间盘退变性疾病在脊柱相关囊性疾病的形成中有一定的相关性。许多学者认为,由于慢性创伤引起的持续性压力增加,导致了黄韧带增生、黏液样变性、坏死、钙化和纤维化等改变。由于II型胶原沉积,和黄韧带弹性纤维的丢失等因素的影响,会进一步导致脊柱不稳,导致囊肿的形成,转变为更加严重的退变。伴随年龄的不断增长,淀粉状蛋白可在黄韧带内积累。同样的,与衰老相关的钙化在黄韧带中也时有发生。散在的钙化黄韧带存在弹性丢失和发生肥厚的征象,局部的钙质沉积和芽肿炎症及焦磷酸钙石样沉积也可能发生。这些沉淀物的形成是由于细胞老化,由类成纤维细胞产生的钙化抑制因子的合成减少而形成。这些因素在一定程度上均可能引起黄韧带原有自然结构的改变及丢失,促使黄韧带适应新的机械应力,从而形成恶性循环。因此,黄韧带囊肿被认为是脊柱退行性变的一种表象。

黄韧带囊肿通常好发于L4/5节段,因为这个节段是脊柱活动度最大的,颈椎部位相对较为少见。通过检索国内外文献,黄韧带囊肿最常好发在L4/5节段,其次在L5S1节段和L3/4节段。本例患者年轻时由于长期弯腰劳作,其发病部位也在L5S1位置。因此腰椎活动度过大的因素被认为是黄韧带囊肿发病重要的因素。黄韧带囊肿并没有呈现特殊的临床症状,临床表现主要取决于囊肿的位置、大小以及生长的速度。有症状的黄韧带囊肿,通常表现为神经根性症状或类似于椎间盘突出的症状。黄韧带囊肿主要会引起放射性疼痛(97%)、感觉障碍(55%)、运动功能障碍(39%)、直腿抬高试验阳性(33%)、异常反射(18%),也有一小部分表现为马尾综合征。有报道描述了黄韧带囊肿的并发症,例如出血和感染等,如果出现这种情况,就需要尽早采取干预措施。对于黄韧带囊肿的放射学诊断,相对来说也是比较难的。普通的X线平片大多表现为脊柱退变的征象。脊髓造影显示椎管内硬膜外神经根受压的表现,缺乏黄韧带囊肿的特异性表现。MRI在诊断黄韧带囊肿方面发挥着重要的作用。黄韧带囊肿在T2WI像上表现为高信号,T1WI像上表现为低信号或者等信号改变,增强可见肿物轻度强化,常伴有脊柱退行性病变。常规的MRI平扫层面往往是椎间盘层面,因此对于黄韧带层面没有做薄层扫描,所以在黄韧带囊肿的诊断方面也存在漏诊可能。黄韧带囊肿有时还需要与椎管内其他病变相鉴别,例如椎管内腱鞘囊肿、滑膜囊肿等。在解剖关系上,腱鞘囊肿毗邻小关节突关节,但与小关节无沟通,病理学上无滑膜层;滑膜囊肿一般与小关节相沟通,常位于黄韧带的外侧,病理学上有滑膜层的存在;黄韧带囊肿则完全或部分位于黄韧带内面,与小关节无联系。黄韧带囊肿与关节滑膜囊肿在影像学上的鉴别诊断对于手术方案的选择至关重要,后者往往更难切除。

关于脊柱黄韧带囊肿的治疗,保守治疗通常无法取得令人满意的效果。外科手术切除是一种有效的治疗手段。手术的目的是椎管减压,将受累黄韧带和囊肿切除。如果完整切除,黄韧带囊肿复发的概率还是比较低的。鉴于黄韧带囊肿与脊柱不稳间存在着相关联系,因此在手术过程中切除黄韧带囊肿的同时,是否有必要同时行脊柱内固定治疗,一直存在争议。因此,手术前的腰椎过伸过屈位需要提前判断脊柱是否存在不稳可能,对于是否行脊柱内固定手术也具有一定的参考意义。

原始出处;

袁凯,温广伟,许岳荣,莫国业,杨志东,梁德,张顺聪.腰椎黄韧带囊肿1例报告[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2019,27(11):1054-1056.

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