双膝关节内侧盘状半月板损伤1例

2018-03-23 佚名 实用骨科杂志

患者为青年男性军人,

【一般资料】

患者为青年男性军人

【现病史】

2014年前执行公务下车时出现右膝外翻扭伤,当时右膝内侧出现疼痛,无法屈伸活动,无明显肿胀,无膝关节变形,无局部伤口。后无明显不适,偶有膝关节内侧疼痛症状,久站后屈膝时出现膝关节屈伸受限,并伴有疼痛,经轻度活动后出现疼痛缓解。2016年在长跑时自觉双膝均有不同程度的疼痛不适感,其中右膝疼痛明显,未见明显肿胀,给予休息后缓解,行走及上下楼梯疼痛有所加重。2017年5月就诊我院,

【体格检查】

步入病房,行走呈跛行步态,双膝关节非负重屈伸活动度:0°~130°,右膝负重后深蹲受限明显,过伸、过屈试验阳性;内侧间隙压痛阳性,麦氏征阳性,半月板挤压试验阳性(内侧),膝关节前后及内外侧副韧带的相关查体均为阴性,左膝半月板挤压试验弱阳性(内侧),麦氏征阳性,余无特殊异常。

【辅助检查】

行磁共振检查提示:右膝内侧半月板体部明显增高,其内可见短线样明显透亮信号影,达关节面,PDWI呈高信号改变,多考虑为关节内侧盘状半月板合并损伤Ⅲ度(见图1);左膝关节内侧间隙盘状半月板合并损伤Ⅲ级(见图2)。



【治疗】

患者取仰卧位,常规对病人行患肢腰、骶丛神经阻滞麻醉,消毒、铺单后,将穿刺针自髌骨外侧刺入右膝关节近端的髌上囊(位于髌骨及股骨之间),向关节腔内注入肾上腺素盐水(肾上腺素0.5mg+生理盐水50mL)后,行右膝关节镜的前内侧、前外侧切口,并于关节镜下探查右膝关节,探查膝关节腔内见前、后交叉韧带走形及张力正常;外侧半月板弹性及外观正常;内侧半月板前角明显增大、肥厚,为不完全性盘状半月板(见图3),前角纵裂伤且滑膜缘处毛糙,各关节面软骨未见明显破坏(见图4)。探查完毕后,使用篮钳、等离子刀将内侧不完全性盘状半月板进行修整成形,使用刨刀清理(见图5~6)。关节腔内探查,未见明显出血点、组织碎屑,遂关闭关节镜切口,术毕。待右膝关节功能完全恢复后,择期再行左膝关节镜下内侧半月板部分切除术或修补术。康复经过 术后患膝关节在CPM机辅助下行屈伸功能锻炼,术后3周内避免过多下地活动,术后3周后恢复正常活动。结果手术疗效以Lysholm膝关节评分标准评定,84分以上为膝关节功能正常,66~84分为膝关节功能恢复尚可,低于65分为膝关节功能恢复差。本例患者术后3周Lysholm膝关节评分为87分。临床疗效良好,因病例较新,暂未有远期随访数据。

【讨论】

论述 盘状半月板是人体正常半月板组织中一种特殊的变异解剖组织结构,资料记载其在普通人群中的发生率为1%~18.7%。国内于庆巍等报道过3例相关文献资料,最终确诊为双侧膝关节内侧间隙处存在盘状半月板。目前,引起膝关节内盘状半月板的变异结构仍有不同的看法。Smillie提出,盘状半月板是从新生儿到成人的发育中,相关软骨细胞组织的吸收功能障碍所导致的特殊病理变化,随着发育股骨髁间压迫其中心部位,软骨组织逐渐被吸收,最终演变成新月形的结构。也有相关报道指出,在胚胎早期时膝关节内半月板的形态就是新月形结构。Kaplan指出,盘状半月板是其在特定的压迫组织结构下呈渐进性变化的过程。目前尚未有内侧间隙存在盘状半月板损伤机制的相关文献报道。Papadopoulos等指出,盘状半月板在组织形态学上同样也存在异常分型。从解剖结构上分析,内侧间隙的盘状半月板在前角至后角的部分有着不同的变异结构,该患者关节镜下探查所见:其内侧盘状半月板的前角与前十字韧带胫骨止点附着区相连接,后角组织关系基本正常。目前尚未有内侧盘状半月板相关解剖分型的具体报道,本例患者的半月板从关节镜下观察其形态,按照膝关节外侧盘状半月板的分型应称为前角肥大性的不完全性盘状半月板。诊断 内侧半月板损伤最常见的临床症状为下楼梯、活动时症状明显,并可能同时伴有积液形成,有部分桶柄样裂的患者在屈曲时可出现交锁症状,并没有相关较为典型的症状。外侧盘状半月板患者多是因为外伤后膝关节无法完全屈伸活动并出现交锁、弹响就诊医院,内侧盘状半月板因发生率极低,尚未有典型症状的患者就诊,内侧半月板多数在外伤后下楼梯、活动时症状明显,查体时可用手指明确指出疼痛部位,行麦氏症、半月板挤压试验等均能确诊。本例患者主要是由外伤后导致的膝关节内侧长期疼痛不适,从未出现过交锁症状,查体后行磁共振检查提示:内侧半月板体部明显增高,其内可见短线样异常透亮信号影,达关节面,PDWI呈高信号改变。多考虑为右膝关节内侧盘状半月板合并损伤Ⅲ度。治疗 内侧间隙的盘状半月板手术指征与外侧盘状半月板一样,外伤后可先行石膏外固定3~4周,消肿止痛等相关保守治疗措施,后期如影响患者的生活质量则需要手术治疗。无明显临床体征的盘状半月板可嘱患者先行保守治疗并观察,如已出现内侧半月板损伤引起的相关体征则提示盘状半月板损伤,需行相关专科治疗。对于膝关节盘状半月板的损伤若不早期诊断并治疗,则在后期可引起半月板损伤合并磨损关节软骨所导致的骨性关节炎。现阶段盘状半月板治疗的主流方法为关节镜下半月板损伤部位的全内缝合修补术,如伴有复合裂伤无法修补的半月板则行相关部分切除、保留前后角的半月板次全切除术。治疗的选择需考虑患者的年龄、是否并发前后交叉韧带的损伤等相关因素。考虑到盘状半月板损伤的特殊解剖机制及损伤多为较复杂的损伤种类,如复合裂伤、层裂伤。所以现在较多采用的是半月板部分切除术、保留前后角的半月板次全切除术。笔者在关节镜探查中发现此例患者的内侧盘状半月板前角肥大,为不完全性盘状半月板,其前角纵裂伤且所处位置的滑膜缘处毛糙,无法使用半月板缝合器械对其进行缝合修补,尽管术中将原有的盘状半月板修复成大致正常的半月板结构,但是依然会有高几率产生新的损伤,所以术前需告知患者这些风险。我院主要服务于广大解放军官兵的医疗保障,在军事训练中因外伤导致的半月板损伤疾病较为常见,其中外侧关节间隙处的盘状半月板损伤的患者也较为常见,如何能更好的恢复广大官兵半月板损伤术后的康复计划则是更需要关注的问题。

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    2018-03-23 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1346491, encodeId=3a441346491d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ae43581977' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#半月板#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35819, encryptionId=8ae43581977, topicName=半月板)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aa0e14, createdName=lifestar, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 10:12:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1397505, encodeId=62ef139e5055e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56543, encryptionId=8bee565436d, topicName=损伤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eoNX3lUOlDKGBUEPNwZx0nibmdcFyeibnX4WMhUSCU2REpGRWtSmnT2CCs0dA5waxvJknYDxwtYnIcQ/132, createdBy=294e2500218, createdName=ms3046638856685384, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 10:12:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299044, encodeId=fc33299044ae, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Fri Mar 23 22:34:29 CST 2018, time=2018-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299024, encodeId=80a1299024a7, content=盘状半月板是人体正常半月板组织中一种特殊的变异解剖组织结构.资料记载其在普通人群中的发生率为1%-18.7%.国内于庆巍等报道过3例相关文献资料.最终确诊为双侧膝关节内侧间隙处存在盘状半月板., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Fri Mar 23 21:19:18 CST 2018, time=2018-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299004, encodeId=752f2990048e, content=^_^^_^^_^, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Swp2ehfHpiciczeTntUyQOlIGMzQ705ic67sdMTVMbwTv7KbmlUvxrGvRSvQZjPkz7ib5tEDfIaORgczPtmHDpwojg/0, createdBy=c54b2163125, createdName=wqkm, createdTime=Fri Mar 23 19:52:56 CST 2018, time=2018-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-23 有备才能无患

    盘状半月板是人体正常半月板组织中一种特殊的变异解剖组织结构.资料记载其在普通人群中的发生率为1%-18.7%.国内于庆巍等报道过3例相关文献资料.最终确诊为双侧膝关节内侧间隙处存在盘状半月板.

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1346491, encodeId=3a441346491d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8ae43581977' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#半月板#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35819, encryptionId=8ae43581977, topicName=半月板)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aa0e14, createdName=lifestar, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 10:12:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1397505, encodeId=62ef139e5055e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56543, encryptionId=8bee565436d, topicName=损伤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eoNX3lUOlDKGBUEPNwZx0nibmdcFyeibnX4WMhUSCU2REpGRWtSmnT2CCs0dA5waxvJknYDxwtYnIcQ/132, createdBy=294e2500218, createdName=ms3046638856685384, createdTime=Sun Mar 25 10:12:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299044, encodeId=fc33299044ae, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Fri Mar 23 22:34:29 CST 2018, time=2018-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299024, encodeId=80a1299024a7, content=盘状半月板是人体正常半月板组织中一种特殊的变异解剖组织结构.资料记载其在普通人群中的发生率为1%-18.7%.国内于庆巍等报道过3例相关文献资料.最终确诊为双侧膝关节内侧间隙处存在盘状半月板., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Fri Mar 23 21:19:18 CST 2018, time=2018-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=299004, encodeId=752f2990048e, content=^_^^_^^_^, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Swp2ehfHpiciczeTntUyQOlIGMzQ705ic67sdMTVMbwTv7KbmlUvxrGvRSvQZjPkz7ib5tEDfIaORgczPtmHDpwojg/0, createdBy=c54b2163125, createdName=wqkm, createdTime=Fri Mar 23 19:52:56 CST 2018, time=2018-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-23 wqkm

    ^_^^_^^_^

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