陈旧性髌骨骨折罕见病例1例

2019-02-25 童彬浚 高大伟 吴洪, 中国中医骨伤科杂志

髌骨骨折是常见的骨科创伤疾病,常伴发髌骨周围韧带及支持带的损伤,后期可继发髌股关节骨性关节炎和伸膝装置效能降低。有研究认为髌骨能通过杆杠作用使股四头肌的力量增强30%,对于髌骨骨折一般要求尽量保留并恢复髌骨完整性,本例患者诊断为陈旧性髌骨骨折,受伤后未行手术治疗,10年随访,患者仍有较好的伸膝肌力,行走正常。对于髌骨骨折临床治疗中采取保守治疗的可行性分析,需要进行严谨的临床研究,本病例较为罕见,现

髌骨骨折是常见的骨科创伤疾病,常伴发髌骨周围韧带及支持带的损伤,后期可继发髌股关节骨性关节炎和伸膝装置效能降低。有研究认为髌骨能通过杆杠作用使股四头肌的力量增强30%,对于髌骨骨折一般要求尽量保留并恢复髌骨完整性,本例患者诊断为陈旧性髌骨骨折,受伤后未行手术治疗,10年随访,患者仍有较好的伸膝肌力,行走正常。对于髌骨骨折临床治疗中采取保守治疗的可行性分析,需要进行严谨的临床研究,本病例较为罕见,现报告如下。

病例资料

患者,男,47岁,10年前因跌倒致左膝疼痛、活动受限,于当地医院查X线提示左髌骨骨折。患者因经济原因拒绝手术,医师予以石膏外固定及药物外敷等保守治疗,患者自述石膏固定约2个月,后予活血化瘀中药外敷,并扶拐下地开始功能锻炼,具体治疗不详。现患者因左膝部畸形至我院门诊就诊,未诉疼痛等不适,查体:左膝部畸形,膝前空虚,未触及完整髌骨,髌骨上下两极分离状(见图1A,1B)。左膝关节活动正常,活动度-3°~145°,(见图1C,1D),内翻应力试验(-),外翻应力试验(-),前后抽屉试验(-),左膝伸膝肌力4+级、腘绳肌肌力5级。随访时患者患侧、健侧髌骨上缘近端10CM处股四头肌周径分别为40CM和38CM(见图1E,1F),20CM处股四头肌周径分别为54CM和51CM.患者行等速肌力测定见表1.X线检查(见图2)提示:左髌骨骨质断裂,折端分离,断端光整致密,符合左髌骨陈旧性骨折。诊断为左髌骨陈旧性骨折,暂未予任何治疗。







讨论

髌骨骨折是伴有多种亚型的严重损伤,约占全身骨折的2.37%.好发年龄在20~50岁,男性发病率是女性的2倍。骨折形态上可见横断型、粉碎型、边缘型等,以横断骨折最为常见。临床表现常见膝关节肿胀、疼痛及活动受限,关节腔内积血。影像学检查提示髌骨关节面的“台阶”表现或骨折块的分离能明确诊断。髌骨损伤受伤机制常见直接、间接或混合暴力,直接暴力多由强大的外力直接作用髌骨;导致受伤的间接暴力机制是伸膝肌群和髌腱的牵拉力量及股骨髁的支撑作用,三者的合力大于髌骨自身所能承受的强度。髌骨骨折常采用经典的OA分型,分为关节外,波及部分关节面,以及波及关节面和伸膝装置等3种类型。对伸膝装置完整、移位<4mm和关节面台阶<3mm的髌骨骨折,可采取保守治疗,制动4周。保守治疗方式常见药物外敷、石膏外固定、冰敷等。对于伸膝装置受损、骨折移位≥4mm或关节面台阶≥3mm建议采用手术治疗。手术治疗方案包括切开复位内固定、髌骨部分切除和全切除。切开复位内固定常用方法或材料:钢丝环扎、克氏针张力带、空心钉张力带、可吸收缝线、微型钢板、可吸收螺钉、聚髌器等。对于不同的分型采取的手术方式治疗有很多不同的方案,其不同术式术后的功能及结局对比缺少高质量证据的研究,需要更完备的多中心的前瞻性研究。

简单的骨折类型,可采用多种固定方法。对于粉碎性骨折,还可采用切除和部分切除。对于手术和保守治疗,后期均应进行等张静力收缩运动和膝关节主动屈伸锻炼,CPM辅助关节活动效果更好。髌骨位于股四头肌腱内,膝部的前方,能对整个膝关节组织起到保护作用。此外,能发挥杠杆作用,传递股四头肌的拉伸力量,增加力臂,改善伸膝装置的效能。在股骨髁的表面起滑动作用,减少股四头肌腱与股骨髁的摩擦。本文中患者依据目前X线诊断为髌骨横断型骨折,两端受牵拉分离,骨折端闭合。患者左膝活动度-3°~145°,左膝伸膝肌力4+级、腘绳肌肌力5级。其伸膝力量可,行走正常,其主要原因在于左下肢伸膝力量可由周围肌肉、肌腱、筋膜代偿。股四头肌覆盖于髌骨前方,向下延伸形成髌韧带,两侧为髌旁腱膜扩张部,髌骨骨折主要导致股四头肌的肌力不能发挥作用。腱股直肌和股中间肌的与髌骨的前正中密切相连,股内侧肌和股外侧肌与髌旁扩张部相连密切,当骨折块分离较小或损伤未波及两侧髌旁腱膜扩张部,髌旁组织损伤较少或者完整,仍能保留伸膝功能。阔筋膜张肌延伸至髂胫束亦有伸膝功能;臀大肌、比目鱼肌同时收缩,产生伸膝功能。此外,完整的皮肤、筋膜、侧副韧带、十字韧带对伸膝功能亦有帮助。

本病例虽为陈旧髌骨骨折,伸膝肌力可达4+级,具有正常的活动功能。有研究表明,对于粉碎性骨折不能准确复位和稳定固定时,髌骨部分切除和全切除虽会造成股四头肌肌力减弱,但长期随访仍能取得良好结果。此例患者患膝髌骨失去正常的杆杠作用,同髌骨切除术后,能为手术切除方案提供参考价值。对伸膝装置完整、移位<4mm和关节面台阶<3mm的髌骨骨折,可采取保守治疗;对于伸膝装置受损、骨折移位≥4mm或关节面台阶≥3mm建议采用手术治疗,应尽量恢复关节面的平整及伸膝装置的功能。但若针对分离超过4mm的髌骨骨折,为未行手术治疗的患者,患者经过长时间的康复与代偿后,尽管患侧膝关节功能仍较健侧膝关节功能略差,但是仍可正常的功能活动。对于保守治疗的可行性分析,需要进行严谨的临床研究,本病例较为罕见,应收集更多病例详细讨论。

原始出处;

童彬浚, 高大伟, 吴洪, 桑莉莉. 1例陈旧性髌骨骨折罕见病例报道. 中国中医骨伤科杂志2019年2月第27卷第2期

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    2019-02-27 zsyan
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