Nat Commun:在HIV-1治疗后控制者中,短暂的病毒暴露驱动体液免疫反应

2022-04-20 生物谷 生物谷

HIV

研究发现,HIV治疗后,控制者的体液免疫反应既有效又强劲,这可能有助于在没有治疗的情况下控制HIV-1感染。

极少数的HIV-1感染者被称为“治疗后控制者(post-treatment controller, PTC)”,他们在中断所有抗逆转录病毒治疗后能够控制他们体内的感染。了解支配他们免疫反应的基本机制对于开发HIV-1疫苗和实现缓解的新型治疗策略都是至关重要的。在一项新的研究中,来自法国多家研究机构的研究人员探究了一些观察到短暂的病毒活动的治疗后控制者的体液免疫反应---也被称为抗体介导的免疫反应。他们发现这些治疗后控制者的体液免疫反应既有效又强劲,这可能有助于在没有治疗的情况下控制HIV-1感染。相关研究结果于2022年4月11日发表在Nature Communications期刊上,论文标题为“Transient viral exposure drives functionally-coordinated humoral immune responses in HIV-1 post-treatment controllers”。论文通讯作者为巴斯德研究所体液免疫学实验室主任Hugo Mouquet博士。

在HIV-1感染者中,有很小一部分人在接受早期治疗并维持数年后,当他们的治疗被中断时,有能力长期控制这种病毒。然而,这种控制的机制还没有被完全阐明。

这些作者对治疗后控制者进行了详尽的研究,以便与治疗后非控制者相比,描述他们的体液免疫反应(即他们产生的B细胞和特定抗体)。他们发现体液免疫反应的情况根据在受试者身上观察到的病毒活动而有所不同。

在经历短暂的病毒活动的治疗后控制者中,这种病毒在中断治疗后恢复了低水平的活动,短暂暴露于病毒抗原会诱发(1)强烈的抗HIV-1体液免疫反应,包括更频繁地干预HIV-1包膜特异性记忆B细胞;(2)产生具有交叉中和作用的抗体,具有“效应”抗病毒活性,先天免疫细胞识别与这些抗体结合的受感染细胞,从而促使它们被清除;(3)血液中非典型记忆B细胞和活化辅助性T细胞亚群的增加。

这种特异性的、多功能的、强劲的体液免疫反应可以帮助在没有治疗的情况下控制感染。然而,其他在治疗中断后HIV-1仍持续检测不到的治疗后控制者没有形成强烈的体液免疫反应。这些作者继续对这些患者的控制机制进行调查。

治疗后控制者(PTC)和治疗后非控制者(PTNC)中的血清HIV-1抗体反应。图片来自Nature Communications, 2022, doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29511-1。

这两种类型的体液免疫反应取决于治疗后控制者的情况,这一发现为HIV控制现象带来了新的启示。对Mouquet博士来说,“这些发现表明,早期抗逆转录病毒治疗可以促进体液免疫反应的最佳产生,在某些情况下可以对抗治疗中断后的病毒反弹。”经历短暂的病毒活动的治疗后控制者的免疫反应甚至可以启发新的治疗或疫苗策略。

这些体内样本用于这项研究的治疗后控制者是VISCONTI(Viro-Immunological Sustained COntrol after Treatment Interruption)研究的一部分。这是一个最大的长期治疗后控制者队列。该队列纳入30名接受早期治疗并维持数年的患者。在中断抗逆转录病毒治疗后,他们能够在某些情况下控制其病毒血症超过20年。因此,VISCONTI为HIV-1感染者提供了可能的和持续的缓解状态的概念证明。它为开发缓解感染(如果不是根除的话)的新型疗法铺平了道路。其目的是使HIV-1感染者能够持久地停止抗逆转录病毒治疗,同时将病毒血症维持在最低水平并避免病毒传播的风险。

参考资料:

1. Luis M. Molinos-Albert et al. Transient viral exposure drives functionally-coordinated humoral immune responses in HIV-1 post-treatment controllers. Nature Communications, 2022, doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29511-1.

2. The antibodies of 'post-treatment HIV controllers'
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-04-antibodies-post-treatment-hiv.html

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    2022-08-28 liuli5079
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    2022-06-05 liye789132251
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    2022-04-21 仇敏瑜

    最新理论,***。

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 2019 年底开始的新冠病毒 (SARS-CoV-2) 的全球传播已演变为一场病毒大流行,截至 2021年10月,全球已造成超过 230,000,000人感染和 4,800,000人死亡。