Nat Biotechnol:华人学者开启DNA甲基化在微生物群落研究中功能性的探索丨Nat Biotech

2017-12-26 BioArt BioArt

BioArt按:微生物群落在人类健康和疾病中的重要作用越来越被人们重视,很多检测分析的方法被广泛应用,但是目前仍然存在很大的挑战。之前的技术很好的利用到了微生物基因组的序列信息,而最新的这项研究第一次提出微生物基因组中广泛存在、却很大程度上被忽视的表观遗传学信息(DNA 甲基化修饰)可以被有效的利用于微生物群落宏基因组的研究。日前,来自西奈山伊坎医学院(Icahn School of Medici

BioArt按:微生物群落在人类健康和疾病中的重要作用越来越被人们重视,很多检测分析的方法被广泛应用,但是目前仍然存在很大的挑战。之前的技术很好的利用到了微生物基因组的序列信息,而最新的这项研究第一次提出微生物基因组中广泛存在、却很大程度上被忽视的表观遗传学信息(DNA 甲基化修饰)可以被有效的利用于微生物群落宏基因组的研究。日前,来自西奈山伊坎医学院(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai)的房刚(Gang Fang)课题组在Nature Biotechnology杂志上发表了题为“Metagenomic binning and association of plasmids with bacterial host genomes using DNA methylation”的研究长文(Article),该研究提出不同种的微生物中广泛存在自己独特的DNA 甲基化修饰模式,能被看成是一个天然的“条形码”,可以被用来提高宏基因组分析的清晰度和完整度。同时,这项研究也开启了表观遗传学在微生物群落研究中功能性的探索。

论文解读

人体中存在着多于人体自身细胞的微生物群落(例如肠道菌群、皮肤菌群等等),它们对人体的健康起到重要的作用。微生物群落的失调不仅会增加致病细菌、真菌感染的几率,还会增加很多复杂疾病的风险,包括糖尿病、多种癌症、肠炎等等 。微生物群落的研究在过去的几年里突飞猛进,不光在益生菌丢失和疾病的关联性上有着一个接一个重大发现,而且还逐渐的涌现出通过对菌群的调节而对疾病风险和治疗进行积极干预的广阔前景。不仅在学术界,微生物群落的研究所产生商业机会也越来越广泛。直接面向大众的微生物群落检测公司在国内外逐渐出现,发展。国内在微生物群落的研究上极为重视,在很多方面已经站在世界的最前沿。

一方面微生物群落在人类健康和疾病中有着重大的作用;另一方面,微生物群落的功能性研究在技术方法上存在着艰巨的挑战。由于微生物群落的复杂性和丰富性,精确完整的分析宏基因组极为困难。比如说,成年人的肠道中有一百种以上的不同种的微生物,如何把如此之多的微生物的基因组区分开是当前宏基因组研究的一大挑战。一个整体上的思路是通过不同微生物基因组特有的属性来对宏基因组进行聚类,然后精准的分析不同微生物的基因组的功能,以及和健康指数和疾病的关联性研究。科研人员开发了很多种的技术方法对宏基因组进行聚类,其中包括基于微生物基因组的序列属性,微生物相对数量高低,以及基Hi-C的染色体片段三维空间相互作用的方法。但是之前的研究方法忽视了一个潜在的重要信息:细菌基因组的DNA甲基化。

表观遗传学在基因组的功能调控中起到极为重要的作用。同样的DNA序列何以产生不同的分子和细胞层面的功能。以施扬、张毅、何川等为代表的一批华人科学家对表遗传学的研究起到了重大的引领性的贡献,但是绝大部分的表观遗传学研究聚焦在真核生物,尤其是哺乳动物中的功能性研究。其实,细菌基因组的DNA甲基化很广泛的存在:一开始的发现是在细菌的先天免疫系统(Restriction-Modification, RM systems)中。大家熟悉的CRISPR/Cas9是细菌的后天免疫系统。在RM system中,细菌通过对自身基因组在特殊序列(例如GATC)上的甲基化修饰来区分并剪切侵入的噬菌体DNA。

人类基因组中最广泛的DNA甲基化在胞嘧啶(cytosine, C)上,而细菌中最常见的DNA甲基化在腺嘌呤(adenine, N6-methyladenie, 6mA)上。虽然细菌基因组的DNA甲基化在几十年前就被发现,人们对细菌基因组的DNA甲基的研究却有着很大的技术障碍。被广泛使用的bisulfite sequencing可以很有效的检测DNA cytosine甲基化,却不能检测6mA。2010年,第三代单分子实时测序技术(by Pacific Biosciences)的诞生使6mA的检测变成了可能。2012年, 房刚课题组就在Nature Biotechnology杂志上上发表了第一个利用第三代单分子实时测序技术对细菌6mA表观基因组的研究,发现了当时引起全球关注的欧洲大肠杆菌疫情菌株独特于其他菌株的6mA表观基因组,并发现6mA可以直接或间接调解调节大肠杆菌1000多个基因的转录水平。这项工作开启了细菌表观遗传组学的研究。在过去的五年里,1000多种细菌的表观遗传组被破译,而且科学家们发现6mA可以调节细菌的细胞周期、基因表达、DNA错配修复、抗生素抗药性、致病因子调控以及和宿主的交互性作用等。


最新发表的这篇Nature Biotechnology论文中,房刚带领的研究团队发现了6mA在宏基因组的一个神奇的作用。一个重要的基础背景是95%的细菌的基因组中存在着DNA甲基化修饰:平均每种细菌有三的不同的DNA甲基化修饰序列 (motifs, e.g. GATC,CTGCAG, ACCGTAGC可以是4-8个碱基,成千上万的不同可能的组合)。每一个motif在一个细菌基因组中会有几百上千次出现,而且几乎100%的出现都会被甲基化修饰。本质的原因是上边提到的DNA甲基化在细菌先天免疫系统中的重要作用,主要表现为必须精确的区分自身DNA和入侵的噬菌体DNA。更重要的是,不同种类的细菌(包括DNA序列高度相似的物种species或者是菌株strains)大多拥有不同组合的DNA甲基化修饰序列motifs。从某种意义上讲,这些DNA甲基化修饰序列motif就像是天然存在于细菌DNA中的表观遗传学条形码(natural epigenetic barcode)。房刚的研究团队正是发现了这一潜在的重要信息,在此基础上创造性的开发出了一个精准的技术可以利用这些表观遗传学条形码进行前所未有的高清晰度的宏基因组聚类(下图)。

房刚的研究团队首先在简单的微生物群落中演示表观遗传学条形码所提供的高度区分度 (下图)。

然后他们在成年小鼠的肠道菌群中成功地同时组装了多个高度相似的Bacteroidales(细菌分类中的一个目)基因组(下图)。值得一提的是Bacteroidales中包含多个和人体肠道的健康和疾病相关的微生物物种。这些物种在之前的技术中大多会很难区分开,但是他们有着各自非常特异性的表观遗传学条形码。

很重要的是,表观遗传学条形码还可以把微生物细胞中独立于主要染色体(chromosome)和附属于它的质粒(plasmids)关联起来。这对于之前的技术是一个很大的难题,却被表观遗传学条形码直接的联系起来。由于很多致病性细菌的抗生素抗药性是被质粒所决定的,这一技术突破在临床精准检测中有着潜在的应用。

最后,研究团队发现观遗传学条形码还可以准确地区分混在一起的序列高度相似的不同菌株的大肠杆菌。这一技术优势在最近逐渐兴起的粪便移植研究中所涉及的“菌株追踪”检测中也许会有潜在的应用。

总的来讲,这项研究在高速发展的微生物菌群研究中引入了一个新的、被大多忽视的表观遗传学信息(DNA 甲基化修饰),利用了这种天然的条形码来提高宏基因组分析的清晰度和完整度。而且也同时开启了表观遗传学在微生物群落研究中的功能性调控研究的可能性。

最后值得一提的是,虽然6mA是细菌中最常见的DNA甲基化修饰,华人科学家在2015年的三篇Cell的文章发现6mA在真核生物中的存在和功能,后来在斑马鱼、猪和拟南芥中也有报道。2016年,华人科学家进一步发现6mA在哺乳动物基因组中意想不到的存在。更多相关内容可参看近期何川课题组在NSMB上发表的综述文章。

据悉,房刚的研究团队目前也在进行对6mA在真核生物中的检测和功能性的研究。


原始出处:
Beaulaurier J, et al. Metagenomic binning and association of plasmids with bacterial host genomes using DNA methylation. Nature Biotechnology. 2017 Dec 11. doi: 10.1038/nbt.4037

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    2018-04-30 shock_melon
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    2018-08-10 sunylz
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    2018-09-27 liye789132251
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