自体脂肪阴道注射填充致脂肪栓塞综合征一例

2019-08-18 王晨羽 俞楠泽 陈志雄 中国美容整形外科杂志

患者女性,39 岁。2018 年 7 月 10 日于某私立医院在全 身麻醉下行自体脂肪隆乳、 阴道紧缩术。抽取双侧大腿脂肪共 约 600 ml,分别于双侧乳房注射约 270 ml/ 侧,阴道约 50 ml。 患者于术后 15 min 突发胸闷伴口唇发绀,未出现胸痛、咳嗽、 咯血及意识丧失。心电监护示:SpO2 48%, 血压 58/40 mmHg, 心率 110~130 次 /min,呼吸 20~

自体脂肪注射被认为是一种方便、易行、有效且安全性 较高的美容技术,目前已广泛应用于整形美容领域,如面部、 乳房、臀部等。其常见的并发症为注射局部肿胀、瘀斑、形态 效果欠佳等[1-2]。近年来,通过注射脂肪填充阴道以达到紧缩 效果的相关技术日益受到关注,但相关风险却不容忽视。

1 病例资料

患者女性,39 岁。2018 年 7 月 10 日于某私立医院在全 身麻醉下行自体脂肪隆乳、 阴道紧缩术。抽取双侧大腿脂肪共 约 600 ml,分别于双侧乳房注射约 270 ml/ 侧,阴道约 50 ml。 患者于术后 15 min 突发胸闷伴口唇发绀,未出现胸痛、咳嗽、 咯血及意识丧失。心电监护示:SpO2 48%, 血压 58/40 mmHg, 心率 110~130 次 /min,呼吸 20~31 次 /min。给予吸氧、多 巴胺升压及大量补充液体后转至另一家医院治疗。检查动 脉血气:pH 7.23,PCO2 37 mmHg,PO2 86 mmHg, c(HCO3-) 15.5 mmol/L,cLac 2.8 mmol/L。血常规:WBC 28.5×109/L, NEUT% 93.6%。心肌酶:CK- MB 5.8 U/L,cTnI 0.15 ng/ml, D- Dimer>5 000 ng/ml。超声心动图示肺动脉高压(轻度)。肺 动脉造影(computer tomography pulmonary angiography, CTPA) 示:双肺动脉及远端分支多发充盈缺损、双肺多发“磨玻璃” 渗出影,检查提示为肺动脉栓塞、肺水肿、右侧胸腔积液。随 即转入我院急诊治疗。患者既往无特殊病史,无血栓形成高 危因素,无自然流产史。 查体:血压 82/53 mmHg,心率 92 次 /min,SpO2 98%(面 罩吸氧 10 L/min); 神志清楚,瞳孔等大、等圆,直接、间接对光 反射灵敏;乳房可见局部瘀斑;双肺叩诊清音,呼吸音减低, 双下肺可闻及少许湿啰音,心律齐,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及杂 音;腹部无压痛, 双下肢无水肿。 辅助检查:(1) 血常规。WBC 21.53×109/L,NEUT% 89.6%,HGB 132 g/L,PLT 80×109/L。(2)血生化。Alb 28 g/L, TBil 9.7 μmol/L,DBil 2.7 μmol/L,ALT35 U/L;TC 2.09 mmol/L, TG 1.02 mmol/L,FFA 402 μmol/L。(3)凝血功能。PT 12.9 s, APTT 37.1 s,D- Dimer 2.37 mg/L FEU。(4)心肌损伤指标。 CK 442 U/L,cTnI 0.458 μg/L,NT- proBNP 507 pg/ml,Myo 101 μg/L。(5)炎症指标。hsCRP 10.55 mg/L,ESR 14 mm/h。 (6)动脉血气。pH 7.389,PCO2 32.9 mmHg,PO2 74.1 mmHg, c (HCO3-)19.4 mmol/L,cLac 1.3 mmol/L。(7)免疫指标。抗核抗体谱:AHA(++)/38; 抗磷脂抗体谱(-);血栓四项 P- S71%。(8)影 像学。CTPA 示双肺动脉及其分支多发充盈缺损、双肺下叶多 发斑片、索条影,主肺动脉稍增宽,最宽处约 2.7 cm,双侧胸 膜增厚;检查提示为双肺多发肺栓塞、肺梗死可能、肺动脉高 压。(9)腹盆 CT平扫。盆腔少量积液、 盆部及双侧臀部皮下水 肿、双肺下叶多发索条影,右侧胸腔少量积液。(10)双下肢 CT 平扫。双侧股直肌内片状混杂低密度,边界不清;盆部及双侧 臀部皮下、 双下肢皮下水肿; 阴道周围多发脂肪且较密集。 临床诊断为肺栓塞、肺动脉高压、肺水肿、胸腔积液、肝 功能异常、自体脂肪隆乳 + 阴道紧缩术后。予以低分子肝素 4 000 U 抗凝治疗,每 12 h 输入 1 次;甲泼尼龙 40 mg 静脉输 液 1 次; 布美塔尼 1 mg,1 次 /d; 静脉输注厄他培南 1 g, 1 次 /d。 患者经抗感染、 保肝药物以及补充液体等对症治疗后,出现双 下肢瘀斑增多及肿胀。经复查血红蛋白为 72 g/L, 考虑系抗凝 治疗继发性血肿发生,遂停止抗凝治疗,给予下肢加压包扎; 同时予以脉冲磁疗光疗(5 次 /d)、输血、持续吸氧,监测血色 素; 患者的腿围逐渐缩小, 停止吸氧治疗。血气复查:pH 7.420, PCO2 34.8 mmHg, PO2 84.4 mmHg, c (HCO3-) 22.1 mmol/L, cLac 1.3 mmol/L。超声心动图示,心脏结构与功能未见明显异 常。CTPA 示,双肺多发栓塞较前稍减轻。遂于 2018 年 7 月 30 日出院。综合诊断为自体脂肪隆乳、阴道紧缩术后肺脂肪 栓塞、肺动脉高压、双肺下叶梗死、肺水肿、胸腔积液、双下肢 血肿。目前患者定期来门诊随访复查,愈后良好。



图 1 CTPA可见动脉管腔内类圆形充盈缺损 a,b. 水平面 c,d. 矢状面 图 2 CT示双肺下叶多发斑片、索条影

2 讨论

本例患者为年轻女性,无血栓形成高危因素,既往无自 然流产史。根据患者的临床辅助检查分析了引起低氧血症的 原因,考虑因血栓导致肺栓塞的可能性较小,同时结合其脂 肪填充术史,考虑主要因素为脂肪栓塞所致肺栓塞,但亦不 除外系慢性血栓基础上的急性栓塞。因此,williamhill asia 完善了相关 易栓因素的筛查,其结果为阴性,排除了急性血栓栓塞的可 能。关于脂肪栓塞的成因,williamhill asia 考虑应为脂肪通过静脉汇入 右心,继而进入肺动脉循环所致。患者于术中同时行乳房、阴 道的脂肪注射,虽然阴道注射脂肪仅 50 ml,但由于阴道血管 分布丰富(阴道的静脉较多,口径大,且在阴道侧面形成丰富 的静脉丛,阴道静脉汇入腹下静脉系),局部空间狭窄,注射 时容易出现注射压力过大、损伤血管以及注射物移位等,极 易造成因脂肪入血管而导致静脉来源的肺栓塞发生。故而, 对有关阴道局部脂肪注射应当极为谨慎[2-4]。目前,对阴道局 部脂肪注射尚缺乏相关具体的研究以及避免栓塞发生的有 效方法,因此,要求操作者须熟悉解剖,术中不可过分追求效 果而过量注射, 并减小术中注射压力及速度。所以,应重视并 加强对阴道局部注射的相关病理生理学的进一步研究。本例患者在术中、术后输液时出现 B 型钠尿肽(BNP)升高,以及 肺水肿和右侧胸腔积液表现,且有明确的肺动脉栓塞现象, 若考虑为单纯急性心衰则难以解释病情全貌,故考虑肺栓塞 致右心功能不全的可能性较大。 患者入院后对其病情进行了充分评估。肺栓塞风险评分: (1)PESI 评分。年龄 39 岁(39 分), 脉搏≥110 次 /min(20 分), sBP<100 mmHg(30 分),共 89 分, Ⅲ级,中危。(2)sPESI 评分。 脉搏≥110 次 /min(1 分),sBP<90 mmHg(1 分),共 2 分,中 危。(3)早期死亡风险评估。患者病程初期有口唇紫绀、血压下 降、血乳酸浓度升高等休克表现,存在右室功能不全及心肌 损伤。故预估早期死亡风险较高。 由于缺少对脂肪栓塞病因的有效治疗方法,williamhill asia 综合了 相应治疗血栓栓塞的方案,予以抗凝治疗,同时予高流量吸 氧、激素、抗生素、利尿等支持治疗。但患者的腿部伤口因抗 凝治疗后继发血肿,为避免再次发生出血及其导致的骨筋膜 室综合征,williamhill asia 权衡利弊后决定调整治疗方案;在进一步评 估下肢状况,完善相关 CT、超声等检查后,暂时停止抗凝治 疗,其他方案继续。鉴于患者的腿围未持续增加, 肿胀稳定且 逐渐缩小, 低氧血症也逐渐稳定, 故决定停止吸氧治疗。有研 究认为,脂肪栓塞引起局部毒性介质激发的全身炎症反应是 相关脂肪栓塞综合征的主要病理生理过程[5-6],因而使用激素 对于控制炎症的进展极为重要[7-9]。目前应用抗凝治疗以及其 他治疗方法更多为经验性的应用,尚缺乏抗凝治疗对于脂肪 栓塞综合征较确切的疗效证据[2,10],这是今后需要进一步研究 的问题。

参考文献略。

原始出处:

王晨羽,俞楠泽,陈志雄,王晓军等,自体脂肪阴道注射填充致脂肪栓塞综合征一例[J],中国美容整形外科杂志,2019(30):437-439。

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    2019-08-19 thm112988

    0

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