科学告诉你:何时吃肥肉不长胖

2016-05-22 孙学军 知识分子

美味脂肪有害健康,脂肪消化吸收有专有调控分子,理解了这种分子的工作细节或许能在享受美味的同时减少脂肪的吸收,那该多美!最新《自然》杂志(Nature)报道了基于这一目标开展的一项研究,探讨了一种胃肠激素神经降压素对调节脂肪消化的分子基础。 神经降压素(neurotensin)是一种胃肠肽激素,主要分布在胃肠道和下丘脑,对消化功能和血压有调节作用,近年来关于神经降压素和代谢性疾病的关系受到

美味脂肪有害健康,脂肪消化吸收有专有调控分子,理解了这种分子的工作细节或许能在享受美味的同时减少脂肪的吸收,那该多美!最新《自然》杂志(Nature)报道了基于这一目标开展的一项研究,探讨了一种胃肠激素神经降压素对调节脂肪消化的分子基础。

神经降压素(neurotensin)是一种胃肠肽激素,主要分布在胃肠道和下丘脑,对消化功能和血压有调节作用,近年来关于神经降压素和代谢性疾病的关系受到科学家的广泛重视。

这项研究由美国肯塔基大学的研究人员领导,他们发现人或动物摄取脂肪食物时,肠道细胞分泌神经降压素会增加,神经降压素能促进大鼠小肠摄取脂肪酸,也可以刺激许多癌症的发生。

这是一种符合逻辑的生理调节现象,当食物中脂肪比例增加时,需要提高消化吸收脂肪的能力,但是前提是脂肪对机体是重要的,在充满生存压力,营养匮乏的自然界,脂肪确实是最理想的能量食物来源。在营养食物丰富的今天,这一理想的工作模式可能会带来机体肥胖的不良后果。最新研究就是基于理解这一调节模式背后的分子基础,以帮助寻找控制脂肪吸收,解决肥胖及相关代谢性疾病的问题。

神经降压素通过三种细胞膜受体实现生理作用,三种受体分别是神经降压素受体1(NTR1)、NTR2和NTR3。动物血液内存在结构稳定的神经降压素前体,前体可以裂解产生等分子量神经降压素。和胰岛素和瘦素等的情况类似,空腹血液内神经降压素前体pro-NT水平升高是肥胖、心血管病和高死亡率等的高危险因子。不过,之前的研究对神经降压素作为疾病危险因子的具体作用机制不十分清楚,本研究从分子水平上阐述了神经降压素和这些疾病的关系。

这一最新研究采用神经降压素基因缺陷小鼠,证明这种动物小肠摄取脂肪能力显著下降,能预防高脂饮食导致的肥胖、脂肪肝和胰岛素抵抗等后果。

研究人员还发现,神经降压素能抑制AMPK活性,刺激小肠脂肪酸的吸收。AMPK即依赖AMP(Adenosine monophosphate)的蛋白激酶,是生物能量代谢调节的关键分子,是研究糖尿病等代谢相关疾病的核心目标,一些糖尿病治疗药物就是通过调节这个分子活性发挥作用的。研究人员用体外培养的小肠细胞进一步确认了这种效应,并证明神经降压素促进脂肪酸吸收的效应是通过NTR1和 NTR3实现的。NTR3的另外一个名称是sortilin,是一种心血管危险因子。研究人员采用果蝇中肠内分泌细胞过表达神经降压素,发现能促进果蝇中肠、脂肪体和类肝绛色细胞的脂肪积聚,同时抑制AMPK活性。

人类肥胖和胰岛素抵抗患者血浆内神经降压素前体水平增加,非肥胖患者血浆内神经降压素前体水平高患者将来也容易肥胖。这些研究结果说明,神经降压素能促进脂肪吸收,促进肥胖的发生,提示这一系统是预测肥胖和治疗肥胖相关疾病的靶点。

这一研究还让人联想到常用糖尿病药物二甲双胍,它和神经降压素的作用正好相反,具有激活AMPK活性的作用,其作用本质上符合本研究所提示的神经降压素靶点药物特征。当然作为小分子药物的二甲双胍,目标细胞显然不只是神经降压素的作用细胞。

未来若要利用这一研究开发理想的减肥药,仍然需要大量基础研究,毕竟神经降压素不仅在肠道内发挥作用,对中枢神经系统功能也具有重要影响,如参与痛觉调节等。因此,单纯从减少脂肪吸收的角度,控制脂肪在肠道内分解的策略更符合安全性原则。

参考资料:

Jing Li, Jun Song, Yekaterina Y. Zaytseva, Yajuan Liu, Piotr Rychahou + et al. An obligatory role for neurotensin in high-fat-diet-induced obesity. Nature 11 May 2016

Ogden, C. L., Yanovski, S. Z., Carroll, M. D. & Flegal, K. M. The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterology 132, 2087–2102 (2007)

Li J, Song J, Weiss HL, Weiss T, Townsend CM Jr, Evers BM. Activation of AMPK Stimulates Neurotensin Secretion in Neuroendocrine Cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2016 Jan;30(1):26-36. doi: 10.1210/me.2015-1094. Epub 2015 Nov 3.

Kim JT, Liu C, Zaytseva YY, Weiss HL, Townsend CM Jr, Evers BM.

Neurotensin, a novel target of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, promotes growth of neuroendocrine tumor cells. Int J Cancer. 2015 Mar 15;136(6):1475-81.

Mustain WC, Rychahou PG, Evers BM. The role of neurotensin in physiologic and pathologic processes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2011 Feb;18(1):75-82.

Mazella J, Béraud-Dufour S, Devader C, Massa F, Coppola T. Neurotensin and its receptors in the control of glucose homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2012 Nov 26;3:143.

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    2016-06-02 沉心多思

    好文章,得多学习了!

    0

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    2016-05-24 hb2015ye
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    2016-05-22 wxsession7c2379b3

    少吃肥肉

    0

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    2016-05-22 wxsession7c2379b3

    如何不长肉哦

    0

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    2016-05-22 wxsession7c2379b3

    是哦,怎么不长胖

    0