Cardiovasc Diabetol :连续血糖监测在心血管高危糖尿病患者中的作用

2022-09-21 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

糖化血红蛋白A1c (HbA1c)是评估血糖控制的主要工具,对糖尿病并发症有很强的预测价值。

背景:血糖自我监测(SMBG)迄今为止一直是糖尿病患者最广泛使用的方法,用于评估他们自己的血糖水平并指导糖尿病治疗。另一方面,糖化血红蛋白A1c (HbA1c)是评估血糖控制的主要工具,对糖尿病并发症有很强的预测价值。然而,这两种已建立的糖尿病评估方法都存在众所周知的局限性。SMBG仅在单个点提供数据,耗时、不方便且痛苦,通常导致依从性差。HbA1c仅反映最近3个月的平均血糖,在存在某些病理状况(如贫血)时不可靠,并且不提供由食物摄入、身体活动、药物治疗或任何其他身体或情绪压力引起的血糖波动的信息。在过去十年中,已经开发了允许连续监测血糖水平的技术,这提供了详细分析糖尿病患者的血糖模式(即,葡萄糖水平及其变化)的独特机会,甚至是几天。

连续葡萄糖监测(CGM)装置使用带有皮下葡萄糖氧化酶铂电极的固定传感器,测量间质液中的葡萄糖浓度。它们或者持续跟踪葡萄糖浓度,提供实时数据,即实时CGM (rtCGM),或者显示间歇扫描的“按需”连续测量,即间歇扫描CGM (isCGM)或快速葡萄糖监测(FGM)。CGM提供了几个新的参数(“血糖测量”),可以更好地反映患者的血糖值,并共同改善他们的治疗。重要的是,一些数据表明,通过CGM管理糖尿病患者也可能改善临床结果并降低并发症的风险。从CGM得出的最重要的血糖指标包括时间范围(TIR),定义为血糖符合70和180 g/dL两个临界值的时间,以及血糖变异性(GV),反映血糖波动的幅度和频率。CGM衍生的血糖测定法克服了与SMBG和HBA1c相关的主要问题,提供了关于血糖波动的新的、容易获得且不令人满意的数据,包括检测相关的高血糖,甚至更多的低血糖事件,这些事件一直与糖尿病患者更差的临床结果相关。综上所述,这些考虑让糖尿病学家最近达成共识,承认SMBG的过时和HbA1c的局限性,强调需要使用新的工具和血糖测定来改善血糖控制和治疗管理。此外,CGM在易用性、准确性、可靠性和成本效益方面已经得到了逐步改进。因此,美国糖尿病协会(ADA)最近建议将其用于通过每日多次注射胰岛素治疗的1型(T1DM)和2型(T2DM)糖尿病患者的管理。

值得注意的是,最近发表的随机临床试验(RCT)显示,使用一些新的抗高血糖药物治疗的糖尿病患者的心血管(CV)结果得到改善,这提高了心脏病学家对糖尿病适当治疗的兴趣,并刺激了心脏病学家和糖尿病学家之间的新关系。然而,现在似乎有必要向心脏病专家推广CGM和新血糖测定的知识,让他们提供这种诊断选择,以便在具有高心血管风险或明显心脏病的糖尿病患者中实现更好的血糖控制。然而,在这一领域存在一些不确定性和缺乏证据。

目的:考虑到这一背景,本研究的目的是在意大利糖尿病学家和心脏病专家小组中进行一项德尔菲调查,以收集关于心血管高危或有心血管事件病史的糖尿病患者使用CGM的专家共识。

方法:列出了22项声明,涉及可从CGM获益的患者类型、CGM对糖尿病合并心脏病患者的预后影响、急性心血管事件期间CGM的使用以及CGM的教育问题。使用两轮德尔菲法,该调查在网上分发给42名意大利专家(21名糖尿病专家和21名心脏病专家),他们用5分制的李克特量表评估自己对每项陈述的认同程度。共识是指超过66%的小组成员同意/不同意任何给定的陈述。

结果:40名专家(95%)回答了调查。每一次发言都取得了积极的共识。特别是,该小组表达了这样的感觉,即CGM可以预测每个糖尿病患者(70%)的预后,并且在临床上也可以用于治疗那些没有用胰岛素治疗的二型糖尿病患者(87.5%)。时间范围(TIR)、血糖变异性(GV)和低血糖/高血糖事件的评估被认为与糖尿病心脏病患者的管理相关(TIR为92.5%,GV为95%,低血糖时间为97.5%),并可改善缺血性心脏病(低血糖为100%,高血糖为90%)或心力衰竭(低血糖为87.5%,TIR为85%)患者的预后专家认为,在急性心血管事件期间,CGM可以使用,并且可以影响短期和长期预后。最后,CGM对糖尿病患者具有公认的教育作用。

图1Delphi流程描述

图2受访者的地理分布

表1受访者的临床经验和专业角色

表2各项陈述的一致程度

结论:根据这个德尔菲共识,CGM在心血管高危糖尿病患者中的临床和预后应用是有希望的,值得专门的研究来证实专家的感觉。

原文出处:Di Mario C,  Genovese S,  Lanza GA,Role of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetic patients at high cardiovascular risk: an expert-based multidisciplinary Delphi consensus.Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022 Aug 27;21(1)

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JCEM:糖尿病患者体重变化后心血管疾病的风险

2型糖尿病患者18个月以上体重的增加和减少,特别是体重变化≥5%,可能是不良心血管结局的预警信号。

Cardiovasc Diabetol:住院与非住院肥胖受试者的Galectin-4水平

人们一直在猜测某些肥胖个体如何降低患心血管疾病和2型糖尿病(DM2)的风险,从而显示出肥胖作为一种风险因素的异质性。

“练死肌肉”而已?NONONO!肌肉强化活动可降低10-17%全因死亡、心血管、总癌、糖尿病风险!

Br J Sports Med:肌肉强化活动与主要非传染性疾病的风险和死亡率较低有关:队列研究的系统评价和荟萃分析

糖尿病人较容易得的四类皮肤病

糖尿病皮肤病变是糖尿病的常见并发症。在临床上,以皮肤病变为首发症状或主诉前来就诊的糖尿病患者,约占皮肤科门诊患者总数的 2% ~3%,而住院糖尿病患者皮肤病变发生率也高达58.14%。

“噻唑烷二酮”联合二线口服降糖药治疗可降低晚期糖尿病合并COPD患者急性加重的风险

在COPD-T2DM患者中,无论采用双药或三药联合方案,TZDs联合治疗均与AECOPD风险降低相关,特别是在中重度复杂COPD人群中。