急性胸痛,警惕这10大疾病作祟!

2016-09-21 侣行家 医学界心血管频道

胸痛是心内科临床常见的主诉之一,由于鉴别诊断难度较大,常存在误诊、漏诊的可能性,因此需要充分重视。体检一般的体格检查,如脉搏、血压、呼吸、体温可以帮助评估患者的一般情况, 判断循环或呼吸衰竭等短期内威胁生命的并发症,指导用药,纠正生命体征和避免危险因素的发展。此外,胸腹部的体格检查包括视、触、叩、听以及各类辅助检查对胸痛的鉴别也会起到一定帮助。1.心绞痛或心肌梗死[1]出冷汗提示心绞痛或AMI

胸痛是心内科临床常见的主诉之一,由于鉴别诊断难度较大,常存在误诊、漏诊的可能性,因此需要充分重视。

体检一般的体格检查,如脉搏、血压、呼吸、体温可以帮助评估患者的一般情况, 判断循环或呼吸衰竭等短期内威胁生命的并发症,指导用药,纠正生命体征和避免危险因素的发展。

此外,胸腹部的体格检查包括视、触、叩、听以及各类辅助检查对胸痛的鉴别也会起到一定帮助。

1.心绞痛或心肌梗死[1]

出冷汗提示心绞痛或AMI;闻及奔马律可能是左心室顺应性减弱所致 (少数为左心功能衰竭),提示左心室心肌梗死。右心室心肌梗死严重者可见颈静脉怒张等右心衰体循环淤血的体征。稳定型心绞痛患者静息时心电图一般正常,最常见的异常为非特异性ST-T改变,心绞痛发作时的心电图出现暂时的ST段移位[2]。

心内膜下心肌易缺血,常见ST段压低0.1 mV(1 mm)以上,发作缓解后恢复。有时出现T波倒置;平时出现T波持续倒置的患者心绞痛发作时T波可变为直立。心电图运动试验对静息心电图正常的稳定型心绞痛患者尤其有价值。

不稳定型心绞痛患者在胸痛发作时有一过性的ST段偏移和/或T波倒置,心绞痛缓解时动态ST-T改变是不良预后的重要标志。不稳定型心绞痛也可出现U波倒置。胸前导联的ST-T改变代表前降支病变,是病危的表现。如果有既往的心电图比较,可以提高诊断异常心电图改变的准确性。

冠状动脉内超声可以准确反映斑块的性质、破溃的大小及位置、斑块内有无血栓形成等情况。AMI时,在面向透壁心肌坏死区的导联上出现病理性Q波,ST段抬高呈弓背向上型,T波倒置,往往宽而深,两支对称。动态心电图可以记录AMI最具诊断价值的特征性改变即“动态演变”。心肌损伤标志物的异常升高也是临床诊断AMI的重要依据,其中cTnT和cTnI是最特异和敏感的心肌坏死指标。

心脏超声可以检测出梗死区室壁节段运动减弱、消失、矛盾运动甚至膨出,还可评价整体收缩功能。放射性核素心肌灌注显像可检出梗死区充盈缺损。冠状动脉造影可明确病变位置,病变常呈偏心性或表面毛躁或充盈缺损,对于ST段抬高型心肌梗死还可以进一步行经皮冠状动脉内介入治疗术。

2.急性心包炎

心包摩擦音是急性纤维蛋白性心包炎的特异性体征,约50%的患者可出现心包摩擦音,其强度受呼吸和体位影响,于坐位前倾呼气后屏气时听诊最清楚。当炎性渗出快速增加或积液量大时可出现心包积液的体征,心浊音界增大,心音轻而远,Ewart征(左肩胛下区由于左肺下叶受压迫出现肺实变表现)或心脏压塞征(典型的三联征为颈静脉怒张、低血压和心音低钝)[3]。

心电图除aVR和V1外,所有导联ST段呈弓背向下抬高,T波高耸、直立。心脏超声是诊断心包积液简便、安全、灵敏和可靠的无创性方法。当心包渗液超过250mL时,X线胸片可出现心影增大,呈烧瓶状。明确心包积液后,心包穿刺有助于确定其性质或病源。

3.主动脉夹层

约1/3~1/2患者有面色苍白、出冷汗及四肢发冷、心率增快、神志改变等休克表现,但与一般休克不同,血压常较高,即使血压一度下降,若能度过急性期,之后血压仍会升高,可能与弓降部中动脉阻塞或肾脏缺血有关。血压下降多见于夹层血肿破溃于空腔脏器。约半数患者主动脉瓣区可闻及舒张期杂音,这是近端型主动脉夹层引起的主动脉瓣关闭不全所致。血压异常在诊断中有强烈的指导作用[4]。主动脉夹层部位可有血管杂音及震颤。累及神经、呼吸、消化、泌尿系统时也各自有其相关的体征。

心电图可见左心室劳损改变,病变累及冠状动脉时可出现心肌缺血甚至AMI,此时心肌损伤标志物也可升高。以上心电图和CK等的改变很容易与ACS相混淆,有文献报道近1/3主动脉夹层引起急性胸痛的患者最初被误诊[5]。

超声检查对诊断升主动脉夹层有重要意义,可见主动脉夹层内正负双相湍流信号和内膜破口。CT和磁共振成像(MRI)能显示主动脉夹层的真、假腔,确定夹层的范围和分型。 CT血管造影(CTA)则被认为是诊断本病最可靠的方法。

4.肺栓塞

70%患者有呼吸急促(呼吸频率>20 次/min),是最常见的体征,呼吸频率最高可达40~50 次/min。气管可向患侧移位。另外常见的有肺动脉高压和右心衰体征,其中以颈静脉充盈或搏动最有意义。由于肺栓塞常继发于DVT,因此下肢常有肿胀、压痛、僵硬、色素沉着和浅静脉曲张。查血D-二聚体升高[6]。

心电图的典型表现是SIQIIITIII,即I导联S波深,ST段压低 ,III导联Q波显著和T波倒置。肺通气和灌注显像为通气正常而灌注缺损,结合临床即可诊断本病。肺动脉造影是目前诊断本病最可靠的方法。而下肢血管多普勒超声对诊断DVT有帮助。

5.肺动脉高压[3]

表现为肺动脉高压和右心衰。前者最常见的是肺动脉瓣第2心音亢进及时限不等的分裂。右心衰时可见颈静脉怒张,肝脏肿大、搏动,双下肢水肿等。右心导管术是唯一准确测定肺血管血流动力学状态的方法,所以严格地说,如无右心导管资料不能诊断特发性肺动脉高压(IPAH)。WHO 提出的 IPAH 诊断标准是静息时肺动脉平均压>25 mmHg,运动时>30 mmHg。

心脏超声是临床上应用最广、操作最简便的无创影像诊断技术,既可估测肺动脉压,又可评价心脏的结构和功能,因此是最常用的筛查肺动脉高压的手段。 IPAH超声心动图表现为右心室内径扩大、右心室壁肥厚、室间隔向左移位、肺动脉明显增宽。

6.胸膜炎

呼吸常浅而快,患侧运动受限,呼吸音可减弱。尽管胸膜摩擦音常不可闻及,但可作为特征性体征。

伴中至大量胸腔积液时患侧呼吸音减弱或消失,叩诊呈浊音,触觉语颤减弱或消失;伴大量胸腔积液时气管、纵隔向健侧移位。干性胸膜炎病变局限者X线片可无明显变化。胸腔积液较少时见肋膈角变钝,胸腔积液较多时可见弧形积液影。超声检查可见液性暗区,可提示穿刺的范围、部位和深度。胸腔积液和组织学检查可明确病因。

7.自发性气胸

含气量少时可无体征或只有语音和呼吸音减弱;含气量大或张力性气胸时患侧运动减弱、胸廓饱满、肋间隙增宽,纵隔向健侧移位,语颤减弱或消失,叩诊呈鼓音,心或肝浊音界消失,呼吸音明显减低或消失,搔刮征阳性。

可有心率增快、低血压、发绀等表现。X线检查是目前诊断气胸最正确、可靠的方法。典型的X线征象为肺有一弧形外凸的阴影,阴影以内为压缩的肺组织,以外无肺纹理。而CT对于少量气胸或某些普通正位胸片气胸易受组织重叠者显示出其优势,表现为胸膜腔内无肺纹理的低密度影。

8.胃食管反流病和消化道溃疡

缺乏特异性体征。

在溃疡活动期右上腹部局限性压痛, 十二指肠溃疡压痛点常偏右。若溃疡穿孔可有腹膜炎的“板状腹”体征;若胃食管反流病并发 Barrett 食管或溃疡出血,则可有贫血体征;若溃疡疤痕形成引起幽门梗阻则可有胃潴留体征,震水音阳性。

平卧或头低脚高位进行吞钡X线透视是了解有无胃食管反流的简易方法,但敏感性不高。在反流性食管炎患者可见下段食管黏膜皱襞粗乱、食管蠕动减弱,运动不协调或不规则收缩。内镜检查在半数患者中可见食管黏膜出血、糜烂、溃疡等病变。24h食管pH监测有助于明确在生理活动状态下有无过多的胃酸食管反流,也有助于阐明胸痛与胃酸反流的关系。

9.肋软骨炎

好发于一侧的2~5肋软骨,亦可为双侧,局部肋软骨轻度肿大隆起,表面光滑,皮肤正常。局部有压痛,上肢活动或转身时疼痛加重。X线检查及实验室检查多无异常发现,但可排除胸内病变、肋骨结核及肋骨骨髓炎。

10.带状疱疹

沿单侧周围神经分布的簇集性小水疱,伴有神经痛。疱底刮取物涂片找到多核巨细胞和核内包涵体有助于诊断。

参考文献:
[1] 中华医学会心血管病学分会.急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗威廉亚洲博彩公司 [J].中华心血管病杂志,2010,38(8):675-687.
[2] 吴晓飞.急性胸痛识别与处理[J].中华全科医学,2014,12(12):1886-1887.
[3] 徐辉,陈锋.胸痛的急诊诊断策略[J].现代临床医学,2013,39(5):398-400.
[4] 周艳红,贾立静,计达.急诊主动脉夹层临床特征研究[J].山东医药, 2010, 50(20):19~21.
[5] Asouhidou I, Asteri T. Acute aortic dissection: be awareof misdiagnosis[J]. BMC Res Notes, 2009,2:25.
[6] 吴树全,沈有录.D-二聚体在急性胸痛中的诊治价值[J].军医进修学院学报,2011,32(11):1126-1127.

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    2016-09-25 清河

    这几个总结的好

    0

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    2016-09-25 清河

    以前一直以为夹层血压会降低

    0

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    2016-09-23 187清风

    重视胸痛

    0

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    2016-09-23 187清风

    不典型的患者最可怕了,要特别小心

    0

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    2016-09-23 187清风

    继续关注

    0

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    2016-09-23 1ddca695m73(暂无匿称)

    666845472805

    0

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    2016-09-21 Guoxj3234

    学习起来

    0

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    2016-09-21 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

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    2016-09-21 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

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