尴尬的“梅毒“结果

2017-06-09 MedSci 检验视界网

在梅毒的诊断中,实验室检查扮演了非常重要的角色,一纸验单往往就是病患眼中的“最终判决”。然而很多时候,患者的生活史、病史、临床表现均不支持“梅毒”诊断,而检验结果赫然阳性,不仅令病人“谈梅色变”,也令医生非常困惑,没办法——请皮肤科会诊。梅毒血清学试验假阳性也就成为了皮肤科同事的“会诊魔咒”。

在梅毒的诊断中,实验室检查扮演了非常重要的角色,一纸验单往往就是病患眼中的“最终判决”。然而很多时候,患者的生活史、病史、临床表现均不支持“梅毒”诊断,而检验结果赫然阳性,不仅令病人“谈梅色变”,也令医生非常困惑,没办法——请皮肤科会诊。梅毒血清学试验假阳性也就成为了皮肤科同事的“会诊魔咒”。



问题来了:为什么呢?怎么跟病人解释呢?

原理决定一切。

目前应用比较广泛的是梅毒的血清学检查,通常叫做“梅毒二项”即:RPR和TPPA。临床上出现与预期不符的也主要集中于这两项,与往期重点一致,本期着重释疑“不符”可能存在的情况。

1 RPR阳性,TPPA阴性,患者无其它梅毒的诊断依据,何解?

RPR(快速血浆反应素试验)属于“非密螺旋体抗原血清学检测”,以牛心磷脂为抗原来检测梅毒螺旋体刺激机体产生的相应抗体。也就是说:它检测的并不是不是密螺旋体抗原(梅毒特异抗原),故特异性较差。可在多种疾病出现假阳性:如麻风、结核、自身免疫病(红斑狼疮、类风关)、猩红热、HIV、孕期妇女、静脉药瘾、慢性肝病(乙肝丙肝)、近期发生过心梗的患者。

梅毒以外其他原因造成的RPR阳性有一个特点:滴度一般较低,通常小于1:8。RPR实验容易出现假阳性,医生常同时做特异性较强的TPPA实验来证实梅毒诊断。RPR不推荐作为筛查试验,而是用于活动性的判定、疗效检测等。

2 TPPA阳性,RPR阴性就一定意味着患者曾患梅毒现已治愈吗?

不一定。由于机体感染梅毒螺旋体后,心磷脂抗体(RPR检测的)出现要晚于特异性抗梅毒螺旋体(TPPA检测的),时间一般为2-4周;并且在三期梅毒这类抗体还有可能转阴,因此“RPR-;TPPA+”也不一定是梅毒经治已愈。另外,在二期梅毒、潜伏期、神经梅毒早期未使用稀释样本检测RPR也有可能造成假阴性的出现,这一点实验室要留意。

3 TPPA的检测特异性抗体,是不是就没有“假阳性”?

TPPA等直接针对梅毒螺旋体的特异性实验,在一般人中也有1%的假阳性。已知可造成TPPA阳性的疾病有:类风湿性关节炎、红斑狼疮、糖尿病结肠癌、淋巴肉瘤、丙型肝炎、肝硬化、艾滋病、麻风、生殖器疱疹、海洛因成瘾等。除疾病外,某些生理状况的改变,如妊娠,也可能导致RPR及TPPA阳性。

但总的来说,由梅毒以外的原因造成TPPA阳性的情况非常少,主要出现于RPR。

4 关于老年人的梅毒血清检测:

老年人梅毒血清学检查,假阳性率较一般人高。许多老年人患常见的内科疾病也可导致梅毒检测阳性,有国内文献报道患有冠心病、脑血管疾病、糖尿病白血病等内科疾病的65岁~80岁老年患者,住院期间出现RPR和TPPA阳性的概率高达5%。

与RPR的情况不同,老年人的TPPA(密螺旋体抗体检测)假阳性更为多见。老年患者本身基础疾病多且复杂,他们更易产生其他影响检测的非特异抗体,同时感染其他属螺旋体的可能性较大;除此之外,目前的TPPA试剂未配置吸收试剂也是其中一个原因。

另外,很多实验室的非密度螺旋体试验采用的是TRUST的方法,也存在与RPR类似的假阳性情况;部分实验室在发现“未致敏”试验孔出现阳性结果,会加做吸收试验排除非特异性物质的干扰,最终发出结果。笔者所在实验室即如此。所以临床医生应根据自己实验室的具体情况,主动沟通,

实验室建议:梅毒血清学检查是诊断梅毒的重要依据,但不是唯一依据。诊断梅毒,除依据检验结果外,更重要的依据是详细了解患者的生活史和既往病史,以及详细的体查。另外,很多实验室的非密度螺旋体试验采用的是TRUST的方法,也存在与RPR类似的假阳性情况;部分实验室在发现“未致敏”试验孔出现阳性结果,会加做吸收试验排除非特异性物质的干扰。所以临床医生应根据自己实验室的具体情况,主动沟通,了解可能引起梅毒血清学试验阳性结果的其它原因,综合分析后慎重作出判断,才能避免梅毒化验结果假阳性造成的误诊。

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    2017-07-13 doctor何小义

    学习了,不错

    0

  3. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Jun 09 19:21:31 CST 2017, time=2017-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-21 乌归何处

    很好的知识补充!新知识get~

    0

  4. 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    2017-06-12 柳叶刀888

    学习了,梅毒是个比较复杂的病

    0

  5. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Jun 09 19:21:31 CST 2017, time=2017-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-10 医艺依意

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  6. 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzaiabIFicf63hKvVMjL6aJlx4yX4UcXmzX9DyibCRcicq0QtCRWMaQKh8MYjE1D3EKUBopgiaGWYuqbeR/0, createdBy=0c2b1999806, createdName=三生有幸9135, createdTime=Fri Jun 09 19:49:49 CST 2017, time=2017-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=208684, encodeId=1809208684c0, content=应结合临床具体分析, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Fri Jun 09 19:33:25 CST 2017, time=2017-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=208679, encodeId=00752086e9b6, content=实验室检查假阳性多,应结合临床综合分析。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Jun 09 19:21:31 CST 2017, time=2017-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-09 thlabcde

    好东西学习了!

    0

  7. 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzaiabIFicf63hKvVMjL6aJlx4yX4UcXmzX9DyibCRcicq0QtCRWMaQKh8MYjE1D3EKUBopgiaGWYuqbeR/0, createdBy=0c2b1999806, createdName=三生有幸9135, createdTime=Fri Jun 09 19:49:49 CST 2017, time=2017-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=208684, encodeId=1809208684c0, content=应结合临床具体分析, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Fri Jun 09 19:33:25 CST 2017, time=2017-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=208679, encodeId=00752086e9b6, content=实验室检查假阳性多,应结合临床综合分析。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Jun 09 19:21:31 CST 2017, time=2017-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-09 jin321

    太复杂

    0

  8. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Jun 09 19:21:31 CST 2017, time=2017-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-09 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

  9. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Jun 09 19:21:31 CST 2017, time=2017-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-09 changjiu

    应结合临床具体分析

    0

  10. 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    2017-06-09 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    实验室检查假阳性多,应结合临床综合分析。

    0

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