新冠病毒突变毒株,谁有可能是真正的“毒王”?

2021-08-15 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

截至目前,WHO已经追踪到11种新型变异株,并将Alpha(B.1.1.7)、Beta(B.1.351)、Gamma(P.1)、Delta(B.1.617.2)列为“需要关注”

截至目前,WHO已经追踪到11种新型变异株,并将Alpha(B.1.1.7)、Beta(B.1.351)、Gamma(P.1)、Delta(B.1.617.2)列为“需要关注”的变异毒株,Eta(B.1.525)、lota(B.1.526)、Kappa(B.1.617.1)和Lambda(C.37)毒株列为“需要留意”的变异病毒。残酷的现实迫使WHO再次发出“恐怖警告”,若疫情继续按照当前趋势发展,到明年年初,全球新冠肺炎病例可能会超过3亿例!

正如人需要适应生存环境一样,病毒也需要,它们为了躲避宿主免疫系统的识别和封杀,便会以变异的方式来使自己成为传播性与生存力更强的优势毒株,尤其是新冠病毒这种RNA单链病毒,感染的人数越多,病毒就有更多的机会适应不同环境。

传统观点认为,自身复制是新冠病毒变异的唯一途径,然而约翰霍普金斯大学传染病学系的研究人员表示,新冠病毒还有另一种产生新毒株的方式值得警惕,即当个体感染了两种不同的新冠病毒变异毒株时,若这两种毒株进入同一个细胞,它们就有可能互换遗传物质并重组,产生第三种完全不同的新毒株。与传统的突变形式相比,这种方式似乎速度更快。

就目前而言,谁才是真正的毒王?williamhill asia 医学小编一一为你剖析!

1、“德尔塔+”(delta plus)

Delta的传播力比2020年末在英国发现的传染性极高的Alpha毒株还要高出60%。目前全球流行的新冠病毒毒株主要是德尔塔,已经令人恐怖了。全球流行的Delta变异株相较于其他变异株,则在S蛋白上新增了3个重要突变“L452R”、“T478K”和“P681R”。L452R突变既增加了S蛋白对受体的亲和力,又降低了抗体识别,包括恢复期血清中存在的抗体以及一些临床上重要的中和单克隆抗体的识别;T478K突变可能会直接增强S蛋白和受体的相互作用,并以此逃避免疫系统监视;P681R突变可间接增强S蛋白介导的病毒入侵细胞过程,从而增加病毒的传染力。

然而,“德尔塔Plus”变体可能更令人害怕。

“德尔塔Plus”变体与最初的“德尔塔”菌株相似,所谓的Delta plus主要是在Delta变异体的基础上,其S蛋白增加了K417N突变,这种新突变有助于病毒进入并感染人体细胞。研究显示,该突变具有免疫抑制作用,也就是说,Delta plus可能具有和Delta相似的传播能力,同时具有更强的免疫逃逸能力。

印度顶级病毒学家沙希德·贾米尔表示,K417N突变位于刺突蛋白的受体结合域内,这种变化值得注意,因为这种突变也存在于首次在南非发现的“贝塔”(β)变体中。“德尔塔Plus”对单克隆抗体混合物具有抗性。

截至目前,全球共享流感数据倡议组织(GISAID)已鉴定出具有K417N突变的“德尔塔”病毒的63个基因组。英国公共卫生部门报告,截至6月7日,在来自印度的6个样本基因组中发现了“德尔塔Plus”变体。

由28家实验室组成的“印度冠状病毒基因组联盟”(INSACOG)警告说,“德尔塔Plus”变体具有3个令人担忧的特征:传染性增强、与肺细胞受体的结合更强并可能降低单克隆抗体反应。

2、Lambda毒株,拉姆达毒株

大家都还没从Delta、Delta plus反应过来,这下又来了Lambda新变种,有人甚至预测Lambda将超越Delta成为新毒王

去年8月,新冠病毒变异毒株C.37首次在秘鲁首都利马被发现,世卫组织将其命名为“拉姆达Lambda”

如今Lambda不仅是秘鲁新冠疫情的主要毒株,该毒株甚至已经蔓延世界各地。根据秘鲁官方统计显示,自今年4月以来,报告的新增确诊病例中,有81% 是感染了拉姆达毒株,而秘鲁的人均新冠死亡率位于世界第一。在秘鲁每100万人就有6052人死于新冠,这个死亡率是全世界最高的。

拉姆达Lambda毒株有5个主要突变,RSYLTPGD246-253N、L452Q和F490S突变,导致其免疫逃逸能力增强,对COVID-19疫苗更有抵抗力,同时病毒毒力增强;T76I和L452Q突变,是导致其传染性增强。

而导致这种高传染性的“罪魁祸首”是该病毒出现的T61和L452Q两个突变,这两个突变改变了该变种与血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)细胞受体结合的性质,让能够和这种病毒相互接触的受体更加的广泛。

针对Lambda的假病毒中和试验中,它的成绩甚至超过了delta,直接击穿免疫屏障。

如上图,纵坐标是中和抗体滴度(IC50),

BNT162b2=俗称的辉瑞疫苗,mRNA-1273=俗称的moderna疫苗,Ad26.COV2.S=俗称的强生疫苗

3、洛塔毒株,Iota 毒株

Iota 毒株是今年3月份在美国纽约发现,当时命名为B.1.526,现在世卫重新命名为Iota 毒株,其致死率显著提高。该变异株与其他新冠变异毒株相比,45-65岁、65-74岁以及75岁以上的感染人群死亡率分别提高46%、82%和62%

同时,B.1.526变异株的传播速度也比其他已知变异毒株块15%-25%,该病毒最早在纽约被发现,随后在全美所有州均发现有这种感染病例,截至目前已经扩散至全球27个国家。

Iota病毒的Spike Protein组成: L5F, (D80G*), T95I, (Y144-*), (F157S*), D253G, (L452R*), (S477N*), E484K, D614G, A701V, (T859N*), (D950H*), (Q957R*)

目前它与Lambda一样,为世卫的待观察突变株(VOI)中。

小结

接种疫苗是阻止或延缓疫情蔓延的最有效形式。病毒继续传播的时间越长,变异的可能性就越大,这种变异可能会更严重,并且无法获得当前疫苗的保护。当然,疫苗也在不断升级换代,人类与病毒之间的斗争将是长期的!

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    2021-08-16 中医护理人徐

    实用及时

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    2021-08-15 ms8000000809689558

    棒棒棒

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    2021-08-15 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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    2021-08-15 医海拾贝

    与病毒的战斗将成为人类最艰巨的任务

    0

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    2021-08-15 医者仁者

    一次比一次强,毒王永远在后面

    0

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    2021-08-15 ms6000000443098941

    棒棒棒

    0

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