World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology publishes independently refereed research papers short communications technical communications and review articles on all aspects of applied microbiology and biotechnology including virology. The Journal seeks to provide a forum for research work directed towards microbiological and biotechnological solutions to global problems such as agriculture and food supplies and environmental issues including pollution waste management metal recovery bioleaching biological control agents etc. However it is recognized that many global issues for example improving crop productivity and public health have more acute consequences in the developing world than elsewhere. The Journal therefore aims to emphasize the role of biotechnological advances for and from the developing world whilst encouraging contributions from all scientists who have an interest in tackling these global problems. The editors also encourage contributions on aspects of education in microbiology and biotechnology and invite papers or reviews commenting on the social issues attendant with biotechnological applications. The Journal also publishes from time to time special review issues in which a topic of current interest is reviewed in depth by a group of invited scientists usually under the special editionship of a key leader in the area.